CRANIAL NERVES
By:
@FatimaHussin_
Jazan University
@Ahood0321
Najran University
,Name I – Olfactory Nerve
The shortest
Type Sensory nerve
Function Responsible for sense of Smell, and partially responsible for sense of taste
How? تدخل عبر الفم واالنف ثم, المواد الكيميائية الموجودة في األكل او الزهور وكل األشياء التي نشمها و نستنشقُها
وهويحتوي على خالياolfactory Epithelium ثم تصل إلىmucosa layer in nasal cavity تلتصق ب
ومن األسفل تتصل بالعصب ثم تنتقل للدماغ والمنطقة الخاصةcilia خاصة من أعالها
Disorder Loss of sense of smell ' Anosmia '
لو كان في خلل في العصب بحد ذاته او كان هناك تضخم في الغدة النخامية وتضغط على العصب
Examination Examine each nostril individually with coffee or alcohol swab or any nonirritating
substance
*Don't use irritating odors such as camphor or methanol because these substance will
stimulate trigeminal nerve in addition to olfactory nerve = give false result
*****التنسى العين مقفلة
Note 1-Olfactory Cortex:
a) Orbitofrontal cortex= responsible for concourses discrimination of odors
b) Amygdala = responsible for Emotional Response of olfactory stimuli
c) Entorhinal cortex= responsible for olfactory memories
*لما توصل الريحة للمنطقة الخاصة تجي في نفس المسار إشارات مثبطة للرائحة وتمنعها تجلس وقت طويل
1
, Name
II – Optic nerve
Type Sensory nerve
Function Transmit visual information from retina to the brain
ينقل كل االحاسيس البصرية واأللوان والرؤية
Disorders Loss of vision 'Blindness'
a) If the damage Anterior to the optic chiasma = loss of vision in the eye on the same side
b) if the damage at optic chiasma = loss of vision partially in both visual fields
يعني حصل خلل في الجزء األوسط مكان التقاء االعصاب لكال العينين =ينصاب الجزء إللي عامل الكروس ويصير عمى
جزئي في الثنتين
c) if the damage at Optic tract (Posterior to optic chiasma) = loss of vision partially in both eye
اعتمادا ً على مكان الخلل والجزء المصاب
Examination A- Visual Acuity :
-Examine Near Vision By Reading & Far Vision By Snellen Chart.
-Each Eye Should Examined Separately.
B- Color Vision :
-By Ishihara Chart.
C- Visual Field :
-By Confrontation Test , The Examiner Head Should Be At Level Of Patient Head And Test Each Eye
Separately.
-Patient Looks Directly To Examiner Eye.
-By Finger Or Colored Pin Brought In From Outside Until The Patient Can See It.
D- Papillary Reactions:
-Reaction To Light:
Ask The Patient To Look Away From The Major Source Of Light In The Room , Then Shine Pen Torch
On The Pupil
From The Side Of The Eye.
Both Pupils On The Same Side ( Direct Light Reflex ) As Well As The Opposite Side ( Consensual Light
Reflex ) Well
Constrict ( Repeat From The Other Side ).
Remember That The Afferent Limb Is 2nd CN & The Efferent Is 3rd CN.
-Reaction To Accommodation Reflex:
Ask The Patient To Look At A Distant Object , Then Ask Him To Focus On A Finger Held Close To His
Nose.
The Eyes Converge & The Pupils Constrict Attempting To Look At A Close Object.
E- Fundoscopy :To Examine The Optic Disc & Retina ( Not Routinely Performed ).
Note الجلوكوما هي األكثر في إصابة العصب البصري
2
By:
@FatimaHussin_
Jazan University
@Ahood0321
Najran University
,Name I – Olfactory Nerve
The shortest
Type Sensory nerve
Function Responsible for sense of Smell, and partially responsible for sense of taste
How? تدخل عبر الفم واالنف ثم, المواد الكيميائية الموجودة في األكل او الزهور وكل األشياء التي نشمها و نستنشقُها
وهويحتوي على خالياolfactory Epithelium ثم تصل إلىmucosa layer in nasal cavity تلتصق ب
ومن األسفل تتصل بالعصب ثم تنتقل للدماغ والمنطقة الخاصةcilia خاصة من أعالها
Disorder Loss of sense of smell ' Anosmia '
لو كان في خلل في العصب بحد ذاته او كان هناك تضخم في الغدة النخامية وتضغط على العصب
Examination Examine each nostril individually with coffee or alcohol swab or any nonirritating
substance
*Don't use irritating odors such as camphor or methanol because these substance will
stimulate trigeminal nerve in addition to olfactory nerve = give false result
*****التنسى العين مقفلة
Note 1-Olfactory Cortex:
a) Orbitofrontal cortex= responsible for concourses discrimination of odors
b) Amygdala = responsible for Emotional Response of olfactory stimuli
c) Entorhinal cortex= responsible for olfactory memories
*لما توصل الريحة للمنطقة الخاصة تجي في نفس المسار إشارات مثبطة للرائحة وتمنعها تجلس وقت طويل
1
, Name
II – Optic nerve
Type Sensory nerve
Function Transmit visual information from retina to the brain
ينقل كل االحاسيس البصرية واأللوان والرؤية
Disorders Loss of vision 'Blindness'
a) If the damage Anterior to the optic chiasma = loss of vision in the eye on the same side
b) if the damage at optic chiasma = loss of vision partially in both visual fields
يعني حصل خلل في الجزء األوسط مكان التقاء االعصاب لكال العينين =ينصاب الجزء إللي عامل الكروس ويصير عمى
جزئي في الثنتين
c) if the damage at Optic tract (Posterior to optic chiasma) = loss of vision partially in both eye
اعتمادا ً على مكان الخلل والجزء المصاب
Examination A- Visual Acuity :
-Examine Near Vision By Reading & Far Vision By Snellen Chart.
-Each Eye Should Examined Separately.
B- Color Vision :
-By Ishihara Chart.
C- Visual Field :
-By Confrontation Test , The Examiner Head Should Be At Level Of Patient Head And Test Each Eye
Separately.
-Patient Looks Directly To Examiner Eye.
-By Finger Or Colored Pin Brought In From Outside Until The Patient Can See It.
D- Papillary Reactions:
-Reaction To Light:
Ask The Patient To Look Away From The Major Source Of Light In The Room , Then Shine Pen Torch
On The Pupil
From The Side Of The Eye.
Both Pupils On The Same Side ( Direct Light Reflex ) As Well As The Opposite Side ( Consensual Light
Reflex ) Well
Constrict ( Repeat From The Other Side ).
Remember That The Afferent Limb Is 2nd CN & The Efferent Is 3rd CN.
-Reaction To Accommodation Reflex:
Ask The Patient To Look At A Distant Object , Then Ask Him To Focus On A Finger Held Close To His
Nose.
The Eyes Converge & The Pupils Constrict Attempting To Look At A Close Object.
E- Fundoscopy :To Examine The Optic Disc & Retina ( Not Routinely Performed ).
Note الجلوكوما هي األكثر في إصابة العصب البصري
2
