American Military History Final Exam Review Already Graded A+

Fixed-post System A system where American troops would be full-time and stationed at various locations 1868 winter campaign of 5th Calvary An expedition left Ft. Lyons, CO headed South against southern plains tribes commanded by MAJ Carr. They endured a particularly brutal winter during this time. battle of san juan hill July 1, 1898-One of the most important battles of the Spanish-American War. Roosevelt, the Rough Riders and Pershing's Buffalo Soldiers defeated Spanish on Kettle and San Juan Hill. Two days later ships destroyed in Cuba. Facilitated a treaty in August. Battle of El Caney First battle of the drive to Santiago. The Spanish are entrenched with heavy fortifications, but are outnumbered almost 12 ½ to one. American and anti-Spanish Cuban forces suffer more casualties, but win. William Shafter American general who led the invading force in Cuba, with the intent of driving out admiral Cervera. He was so fat and gouty that he had to be carried on a door. His troops were not remotely prepared for the Cuban climate. George Custer United States general who was killed along with all his command by the Sioux at the battle of Little Bighorn () USS Maine Ship that explodes off the coast of Cuba in Havana harbor and helps contribute to the start of the Spanish-American War Alfred Thayer Mahan Navy officer whose ideas on naval warfare and the importance of sea-power changed how America viewed its navy; wrote "The influence of Sea Power upon History" Philippine-American War armed conflict between the Philippines and the United States from . It was a continuation of the Philippine struggle for independence. The Philippines declared war on the US and it became a savage conflict with guerilla warfare. Villages were destroyed, civilians were murdered, and prisoners were tortured. The war ended when Aguinaldo surrendered in 1902. Battle of Little Big Horn 1876 - General Custer and his men were wiped out by a coalition of Sioux and Cheyenne Indians led by Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse. John Parker General John Henry Parker aka "Gatling Gun Parker" (September 9, 1866 - October 14, 1942) was a brigadier general in the United States Army. He is best known for his role as the commander of the Gatling Gun Detachment of the U.S. Army's V Corps in Cuba during the Santiago campaign in the Spanish-American War. Battle of Manila Bay Marked the end of the wooden navy, when the more powerful American Steel Navy destroys the entire Spanish Wooden Navy in one single battle. Emilio Aguinaldo Leader of the Filipino independence movement against Spain (). He proclaimed the independence of the Philippines in 1899, but his movement was crushed and he was captured by the United States Army in 1901. National Defense Act (1916) This act, in response to the Lusitania, increased the standing Federal army to 175,000 and permitted that it be enlarged to 223,00. It also increased the National Guard to 440,000 and introduced ROTC in schools Battle of the Marne The World War I First Battle of the Marne featured the first use of radio intercepts and automotive transport of troops in wartime. beginning a phase of the war that would be marked by trench warfare. Battle of the Somme A 1916 WWI () battle between German and British forces. Ending in a stalemate, the bitter three-month conflict is notable for the high number of casualties- 1.25 million men killed or wounded - and the first use of tanks in warfare. Battle of the Cantigny The Battle of Cantigny, fought 27-31 May 1918[1] was the first American battle and offensive of World War I. US - Bullard vs GERM - Hulier. Meuse-Argonne Offensive also called the Battle of the Argonne Forest, was a part of the final Allied offensive of World War I that stretched along the entire western front. The whole offensive was planned by Marshall Ferdinand Foch to breach the Hindenburg line and ultimately force the opposing German forces to surrender; Washington Naval Conference 1921 - president harding invited delegates from Europe and Japan, and they agreed to limit production of war ships, to not attack each other's possessions, and to respect China's independence Pearl Harbor (FDR) , 1941 United States military base on Hawaii that was bombed by Japan, bringing the United States into World War II. Pearl Harbor was attacked on December 7, 1941. Battle of the Bulge December, 1944-January, 1945 - After recapturing France, the Allied advance became stalled along the German border. In the winter of 1944, Germany staged a massive counterattack in Belgium and Luxembourg which pushed a 30 mile "bulge" into the Allied lines. The Allies stopped the German advance and threw them back across the Rhine with heavy losses. Battle of Midway U.S. naval victory over the Japanese fleet in June 1942, in which the Japanese lost four of their best aircraft carriers. It marked a turning point in World War II. Island Hopping A military strategy used during World War II that involved selectively attacking specific enemy-held islands and bypassing others Western Front A line of trenches and fortifications in World War I that stretched without a break from Switzerland to the North Sea. Scene of most of the fighting between Germany, on the one hand, and France and Britain, on the other. Chemical Warfare warfare using chemical agents to kill or injure or incapacitate the enemy Trench warfare A form of warfare in which opposing armies fight each other from trenches dug in the battlefield. Battle of Verdun Battle fought between French and German armies from February to December 1916; more than 700,000 people died - one of the most costly battles of the WWI. Battle of Belleau Wood Ist American offensive in WWI; hard-fought American victory over the Germans in France in 1918 Zimmerman Telegram March 1917. Sent from German Foreign Secretary, addressed to German minister in Mexico City. Mexico should attack the US if US goes to war with Germany (needed that advantage due to Mexico's promixity to the US). In return, Germany would give back Tex, NM, Arizona etc to Mexico. Convoy System the protection of merchant ships from U-boat-German submarine-attacks by having the ships travel in large groups escorted by warships Alvin York killed 25 machine-gunners and captured 132 German soldiers when his soldiers took cover; won Congressional Medal of Freedom Road to War Book by Walter Millis which blames Europe for forcing us into WWI and for the subsequent economic depression which we were involved in at the time of publication. It causes the American people to oppose our involvement in WWII Operation Torch begun Nov 1942, American forces landed in Morocco and Algeria, and pressing eastward trapped the German and Italian armies being driven westward by the British, forcing German and Italian troops to surrender, despite Hitler's orders to fight to the death. Battle of Kasserine Pas First US engagement with the Germans. Tank battle between Germans/Americans during WWII. Taught americans that they should listen to British superiors. German tanks vs American tanks, German tanks were better, but fewer. American tanks were worse, but more. Doolittle Raid April 18, 1942 America's first air attack on Japan Minor damage inflicted, but scared Japan and encouraged USA. Battle of Saint-Mihiel SEPT 1918 - caught Germans retreating and disorganized, victorious over Germans at St. Mihiel, but was not able to take Metz as attack faltered due to problems of supplying its massive army when artillery and food supplies had to be left behind on muddy roads. First use of term "D-Day" and "H-Hour". Billy Mitchell Billy Mitchell was a US Army general who had a pivotal role in the early support of the Air Force. After fighting in WWI, Mitchell advocated the increased funding and support of aircrafts. In particular, Mitchell argued that aerial bombers could sink battleships. This led to a test which proved Mitchell was correct, bombers could in fact sink battleships. This started a shift in power from Navy to Air Force Blitzkrieg "Lighting war", typed of fast-moving warfare used by German forces against Poland in 1939