Nurs 100 N2 Study Guide Exam updated
11.6.22
Unit 3 Exam Study Guide
Ch. 17: HIV
-HIV diagnosis/pertinent labs
Infection Process
• HIV Virus attacks CD4 cells/T-Cells (WBC), generate more viral cells and messes
with the cells DNA/RNA. Generates viral particles and ↑viral load.
• Distinction of HIV status is the # of CD4 and T cells that are infected.
• Most adults develop an acute infection reaction within 4 weeks of first being infected.
• Symptoms of acute HIV infection (stage HIV-I)
o fever, sore throat, rash, night sweats, chills, HA, and muscle aches
• Progression with transition to stage HIV-II is when infected adults are most
often diagnosed with HIV disease and management with drug therapy is started.
• drug therapy only suppresses viral reproduction and does not actually kill the
organisms, eventually many patients progress to stage HIV-III
• Poor CD4+ T-cell function leads to these immunity abnormalities:
o Leukopenia (↓# of circulating WBC
o Lymphocytopenia (↓# of lymphocytes)
o Production of incomplete and nonfunctional antibodies
o Abnormally functioning macrophages
• As CD4/T Cell #s ↓
o Pt @ risk for bacterial, fungal and viral infections, cancers
o Opportunistic infections are caused by the nonpathogenic organisms present as
part of the body’s microbiome that usually are kept in check by normal
immunity
▪ Example: Candida Albicans-normal oral/vaginal flora
HIV Progression
• When HIV results from a single sexual encounter, progression takes longer.
• Personal factors influencing time to progression include:
o frequency of re exposure to HIV, presence of other (STIs), nutrition status, stress
• gynecologic problems of persistent or recurrent vaginal candidiasis are the
first signs of HIV disease in women.
o Other problems include pelvic inflammatory disease, genital herpes, other STIs,
and cervical dysplasia, or cancer
Laboratory Assessment
o Lymphocyte count
o AIDS are often leukopenic (↓WBC)
o CBC w/ Diff
o ↓CD4/CD8 and T cells
o Antibody Antigen Test
o measure the patient’s response to the virus (the antigen) and are indirect tests
for HIV.
o When the body is first infected with HIV, it makes an antibody to the virus
,Nurs 100 N2 Study Guide Exam updated
11.6.22
within 3 wks-3 mon after infection
, Nurs 100 N2 Study Guide Exam updated
11.6.22
o HIV antibodies not detected for at least 14 to 21 days after exposure.
o Viral Load Testing
o directly measures the actual amount of HIV viral RNA particles present in 1 mL
of blood and is used to measure therapy effectiveness.
o A (+) viral load test can measure as few as 20 particles/mL
o The higher the viral load, the greater the risk for transmission
o In a newly infected adult a viral load is present about 10 days after infection
▪ HIV viral loads can be processed in as little as 24 hours.
-HIV transmission
• HIV is found in the blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, amniotic fluid,
urine, feces, saliva, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph nodes, cervical cells, corneal
tissue, and brain tissue. HIV is not spread by mosquitos or other insects.
• Contact with tears, saliva, and sweat is ↓risk for transmission unless blood is present.
• Infected body fluids with ↑HIV concentrations= (semen, blood, breast milk,
vag secretions)
• transmitted most often in these three ways:
o Sexual: genital, anal, oral sexual contact with exposure of MM to infected
semen/vag secretions
o Parenteral: sharing of needles/equipment contaminated w/ infected blood
or receiving contaminated blood products
o Perinatal: placenta, contact w/ maternal blood/body fluids during birth, breast
milk
• Gender-more easily transmitted from infected M to uninfected F.
• Viral load affects transmission-↑blood level of detectable HIV ( viremia ), the greater
the risk for sexual and perinatal transmission.
• antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce the viral load of some patients to
below detectable levels.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
• use of HIV antiretroviral drugs by an HIV-uninfected adult to prevent HIV infection
o PrEP are Truvada (tenofovir/emtricitabine) and Discovy (emtricitabine/tenofovir)
• avoid in pts who are infected with hepatitis B virus - severe acute exacerbations have
occurred when patients have stopped using PrEP
• PrEP is for ppl who are at high risk for acquiring HIV infection
o men who have sex with men, non-monogamous heterosexually active (M & W),
IV drug users, partner is HIV+ & one partner is HIV-
Postexposure Prophylaxis
• cART
o occupational exposure (sharps injury), nonoccupational exposure (consensual
sexual exposure w/ a person of unknown HIV status), sexual assault.
o Start w/in first 36 hrs is critical to preventing HIV infection
o significant exposures be treated for 28 days/until the HIV status of the source
has been determined to be negative
11.6.22
Unit 3 Exam Study Guide
Ch. 17: HIV
-HIV diagnosis/pertinent labs
Infection Process
• HIV Virus attacks CD4 cells/T-Cells (WBC), generate more viral cells and messes
with the cells DNA/RNA. Generates viral particles and ↑viral load.
• Distinction of HIV status is the # of CD4 and T cells that are infected.
• Most adults develop an acute infection reaction within 4 weeks of first being infected.
• Symptoms of acute HIV infection (stage HIV-I)
o fever, sore throat, rash, night sweats, chills, HA, and muscle aches
• Progression with transition to stage HIV-II is when infected adults are most
often diagnosed with HIV disease and management with drug therapy is started.
• drug therapy only suppresses viral reproduction and does not actually kill the
organisms, eventually many patients progress to stage HIV-III
• Poor CD4+ T-cell function leads to these immunity abnormalities:
o Leukopenia (↓# of circulating WBC
o Lymphocytopenia (↓# of lymphocytes)
o Production of incomplete and nonfunctional antibodies
o Abnormally functioning macrophages
• As CD4/T Cell #s ↓
o Pt @ risk for bacterial, fungal and viral infections, cancers
o Opportunistic infections are caused by the nonpathogenic organisms present as
part of the body’s microbiome that usually are kept in check by normal
immunity
▪ Example: Candida Albicans-normal oral/vaginal flora
HIV Progression
• When HIV results from a single sexual encounter, progression takes longer.
• Personal factors influencing time to progression include:
o frequency of re exposure to HIV, presence of other (STIs), nutrition status, stress
• gynecologic problems of persistent or recurrent vaginal candidiasis are the
first signs of HIV disease in women.
o Other problems include pelvic inflammatory disease, genital herpes, other STIs,
and cervical dysplasia, or cancer
Laboratory Assessment
o Lymphocyte count
o AIDS are often leukopenic (↓WBC)
o CBC w/ Diff
o ↓CD4/CD8 and T cells
o Antibody Antigen Test
o measure the patient’s response to the virus (the antigen) and are indirect tests
for HIV.
o When the body is first infected with HIV, it makes an antibody to the virus
,Nurs 100 N2 Study Guide Exam updated
11.6.22
within 3 wks-3 mon after infection
, Nurs 100 N2 Study Guide Exam updated
11.6.22
o HIV antibodies not detected for at least 14 to 21 days after exposure.
o Viral Load Testing
o directly measures the actual amount of HIV viral RNA particles present in 1 mL
of blood and is used to measure therapy effectiveness.
o A (+) viral load test can measure as few as 20 particles/mL
o The higher the viral load, the greater the risk for transmission
o In a newly infected adult a viral load is present about 10 days after infection
▪ HIV viral loads can be processed in as little as 24 hours.
-HIV transmission
• HIV is found in the blood, semen, vaginal secretions, breast milk, amniotic fluid,
urine, feces, saliva, tears, cerebrospinal fluid, lymph nodes, cervical cells, corneal
tissue, and brain tissue. HIV is not spread by mosquitos or other insects.
• Contact with tears, saliva, and sweat is ↓risk for transmission unless blood is present.
• Infected body fluids with ↑HIV concentrations= (semen, blood, breast milk,
vag secretions)
• transmitted most often in these three ways:
o Sexual: genital, anal, oral sexual contact with exposure of MM to infected
semen/vag secretions
o Parenteral: sharing of needles/equipment contaminated w/ infected blood
or receiving contaminated blood products
o Perinatal: placenta, contact w/ maternal blood/body fluids during birth, breast
milk
• Gender-more easily transmitted from infected M to uninfected F.
• Viral load affects transmission-↑blood level of detectable HIV ( viremia ), the greater
the risk for sexual and perinatal transmission.
• antiretroviral therapy (cART) can reduce the viral load of some patients to
below detectable levels.
Pre-Exposure Prophylaxis
• use of HIV antiretroviral drugs by an HIV-uninfected adult to prevent HIV infection
o PrEP are Truvada (tenofovir/emtricitabine) and Discovy (emtricitabine/tenofovir)
• avoid in pts who are infected with hepatitis B virus - severe acute exacerbations have
occurred when patients have stopped using PrEP
• PrEP is for ppl who are at high risk for acquiring HIV infection
o men who have sex with men, non-monogamous heterosexually active (M & W),
IV drug users, partner is HIV+ & one partner is HIV-
Postexposure Prophylaxis
• cART
o occupational exposure (sharps injury), nonoccupational exposure (consensual
sexual exposure w/ a person of unknown HIV status), sexual assault.
o Start w/in first 36 hrs is critical to preventing HIV infection
o significant exposures be treated for 28 days/until the HIV status of the source
has been determined to be negative
