HN210 Anatomy Lab Note Pre-midterm

HN210 Anatomy LabHN210 Anatomy Lab Note Pre-midterm Note Pre-
midterm
HN210 Anatomy Lab Note

Lab 1: Introduction and Overview

Introduction to the language and Organization of Anatomy

A. Body regions

- Regional names are the specific areas on the body that can be identified
using anatomical terms
➢ Below, the term in the bracket is the anatomical descriptive form

- Head (cephalic) consists of the skull (cranial) and the face (facial) regions
- The neck (cervical) supports the head and attaches it to the trunk
- The trunk is subdivided into the chest (thorax), abdomen (abdominal), and
pelvis (pelvic).
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- Upper extremity consists of the
• shoulder (acromial)
• arm (brachial)
• forearm (antebrachial)
• wrist (carpal)
• hand (manual)
- Lower extremity consists of the
• hip (coxal)
• thigh (femoral)
• leg (crural)
• ankle (tarsal)
• the foot (pedal)

Some other regions with their anatomical descriptive form:
• Forehead- frontal
• Cheek- buccal
• Mouth- oral
• Armpit- axillary
• Shoulder blade- scapular
• Back of hand or top of foot – dorsum
• Back- dorsal
• Eye- orbital or ocular
• Nose- nasal
• Chin- mental or mandibular
• Back of elbow- olecranal
• Palm- palmar
• Breast- mammary

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• Low back- lumbar
• Posterior portion of pelvis- sacral
• Anterior portion of pelvis- pubic
• Buttock- gluteal
• Groin- inguinal
• Anterior of knee- patellar
• Posterior of knee- popliteal
• Calf- sural
• Sole of foot- plantar
• Heel of foot- calcaneal
• Fingers or toes- digital/phalangeal

B. Anatomical Position
- Anatomical position is the reference
- Individual is standing erect, feet parallel and flat on the floor, upper extremities on
their sides, and palms directed towards the observer
- When the subject is on their back, the anatomical position is supine; when lying
face down the position is called prone
- The fundamental position is exactly like anatomical position, however, the palms
are directed towards the body




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C. Planes and Sections
- A section refers to a part cut along a plane (a plane is a geometric concept referring
to an imagined flat surface)
➢ ‘cross section’ refers to a part cart crosswise
➢ A ‘longitudinal section’ is a cut made lengthwise

- 4 anatomical planes used to describe specific sections of the body
1. Sagittal plane: divides the body into right and left parts

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➢ Midsaggital (median plane): The midsagittal plane is the
specific sagittal plane that is exactly in the middle of
the body
➢ Parasagittal: A vertical cut that is off-center that separates the left
of the specimen from the right in unequal portions. It does not
matter whether it is the left side or the right side that is larger, as
long as they are not equal

2. Frontal plane (coronal plane): divides the body into ventral and dorsal
(belly and back) sections

3. Transverse plane (horizontal plane)- divides the body into superior and inferior parts

4. Oblique plane: any plane that lies diagonally between the horizontal and the vertical




D. Directional Terms
• Superior: one structure being above or closer to the head than the other
• Inferior: one structure being below or closer to the feet/tail than another

• Cranial: one structure being closer to the head region
• Caudal: one structure being closer to the gluteal region

• Medial: closer to the midline
• Lateral: further away from the midline

• Posterior/dorsal: one structure being behind another
• Anterior/ventral: one structure being in front of another

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• Proximal: refers to a structure of the upper OR lower extremities that is close to
the attachment than another
• Distal: refers to a structure of the upper or lower extremities that is farther away from the
attachment than another

• Superficial (External): one structure being closer to the exterior surface than another
• Deep (internal): one structure being close to the centre (bone) than another

• Intermediate: one structure is located in between 2 other structures
• Ipsilateral: one structure on the same side as another (right arm being on the same side as
the right leg)
• Contralateral: one structure on the opposite side as another (vice versa)


E. Body Cavities
- Purpose of body cavities is to protect vital
organs 2 types of cavities

1. Dorsal cavity
➢ Contains the central nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
➢ subdivided into the cranial cavity (within the skull) and the spinal (vertebral) cavity
(within the vertebral column)

2. Ventral cavity
➢ Contains most of the organs in the human body (the organs are collectively called
the the viscera)
➢ The ventral cavity is subdivided by the diaphragm into the superior thoracic cavity
(chest cavity) and the inferior abdominopelvic cavity

■ The thoracic cavity has 3 compartments; 2 pleural cavities for the right and left
lung and a pericardial cavity that contains the heart

■ The abdominopelvic cavity can be divided into the superior abdominal cavity and
an inferior pelvic cavity

◆ The abdominal cavity contains the stomach, small and large intestine,
liver, gall bladder, pancreas, and spleen
◆ The pelvic cavity contains the lower portion of the large intestine, bladder,
and certain reproductive organs