Glycogenesis Glucose Liver
51111111111111 111111111111111111111
4
3
Glycogen is mainly synthesized in the Liver and muscle cells. In the liver,
Glycogen is approximately stored at 100g, while in muscles 300-400g.
When does this process occur? I
1- Fed state: when the person is eating. Which increases the glucose level in the
s
blood (hyperglycemia)
2- Insulin is the regulation hormone of this process. It's made up of Pancreatic I É citron
Beta cells.
ATP Hexokinase
Firstly, the general concept of Glycogen is forming bonds between glucose PitADPa
molecules. Glucose consists of six carbons. The number one carbon is called
reducing carbon, while the fourth is nonreducing carbon. So, the first carbon of
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the first glucose molecule forms a bond with the fourth carbon of the second
glucose resulting in one water molecule. This bond is called alpha or beta - 1,4-
1
1
Glycosidic bond.
Ii
PO
Secondly, another bond is called the branching bond, which is formed between
the 1st carbon of one glucose and the 6th of the other molecule. This one is I
called an alpha or beta-1,6-Glycosidic bond.
———————
Let's begin with the metabolism.
As always, the glucose enters the cell by the Glut transporter for the Liver is
Glut-2. Then gets phosphorylated by the enzyme. After that, the phosphate will
I p Yt
shift its location from the sixth carbon to the first carbon by the reversible Urasile
reaction catalyzed by Phosphoglucomutase. So, we get G1P.
E
P
Secondly, this new molecule will bind with the UMP molecule. But before that, the pyrophospha
UTP will release pyrophosphate (two linked phosphates) to become UMP and bind I Ribose
with glucose-1P. Forming UDP-glucose.
However, the forming of Glycogen is an endergonic process which needs energy p
(G=+). This energy will come from the breakage of the pyrophosphate. The
enzyme that catalyzes the process of breaking down the pyrophosphate is I
Pyrophosphatase.
Within the liver and muscle cells is a special molecule called glycogenin.
Glycogenin has specific amino acids that come out of its surface, which is ÉI a ngglucosidic
tyrosine. And tyrosine has a phenyl group. Then this OH bind with UDP-glucose.
I I
This process doesn't need an enzyme to catalyze it. It's called Auto-
glycosylation. This process is cut the bond between UDP and glucose to form
858000058
51111111111111 111111111111111111111
4
3
Glycogen is mainly synthesized in the Liver and muscle cells. In the liver,
Glycogen is approximately stored at 100g, while in muscles 300-400g.
When does this process occur? I
1- Fed state: when the person is eating. Which increases the glucose level in the
s
blood (hyperglycemia)
2- Insulin is the regulation hormone of this process. It's made up of Pancreatic I É citron
Beta cells.
ATP Hexokinase
Firstly, the general concept of Glycogen is forming bonds between glucose PitADPa
molecules. Glucose consists of six carbons. The number one carbon is called
reducing carbon, while the fourth is nonreducing carbon. So, the first carbon of
É
the first glucose molecule forms a bond with the fourth carbon of the second
glucose resulting in one water molecule. This bond is called alpha or beta - 1,4-
1
1
Glycosidic bond.
Ii
PO
Secondly, another bond is called the branching bond, which is formed between
the 1st carbon of one glucose and the 6th of the other molecule. This one is I
called an alpha or beta-1,6-Glycosidic bond.
———————
Let's begin with the metabolism.
As always, the glucose enters the cell by the Glut transporter for the Liver is
Glut-2. Then gets phosphorylated by the enzyme. After that, the phosphate will
I p Yt
shift its location from the sixth carbon to the first carbon by the reversible Urasile
reaction catalyzed by Phosphoglucomutase. So, we get G1P.
E
P
Secondly, this new molecule will bind with the UMP molecule. But before that, the pyrophospha
UTP will release pyrophosphate (two linked phosphates) to become UMP and bind I Ribose
with glucose-1P. Forming UDP-glucose.
However, the forming of Glycogen is an endergonic process which needs energy p
(G=+). This energy will come from the breakage of the pyrophosphate. The
enzyme that catalyzes the process of breaking down the pyrophosphate is I
Pyrophosphatase.
Within the liver and muscle cells is a special molecule called glycogenin.
Glycogenin has specific amino acids that come out of its surface, which is ÉI a ngglucosidic
tyrosine. And tyrosine has a phenyl group. Then this OH bind with UDP-glucose.
I I
This process doesn't need an enzyme to catalyze it. It's called Auto-
glycosylation. This process is cut the bond between UDP and glucose to form
858000058
