NUR-631 Final Exam Study Guide
1. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells
undergoing compensatory: Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive
mechanism that en- ables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the
removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells
(hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss.
2. Which of the following statements best describes Raynaud disease?
a. An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the
feet and sometimes in the hands
b. A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the
upper extremities
c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the
fingers, and less commonly, the toes
d. An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper
and lower extremities: c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and
arterioles of the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
3. A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated
pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures
may result from this condition?
a. Right heart failure b. Left heart failure
c. Low-output failure
d. High-output failure: a. Right heart failure
Exp: Right heart failure is defined as the inability of the right ventricle to
provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal
central venous pressure. It most often results from the left heart failure when
the increase in left ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the
pulmonary circulation is severe enough. As pressure in the pulmonary
circulation rises, the resistance to right ventricular emptying increases.
4. What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a
vessel?
a. Increased blood pressure during periods of stress b. Bounding
pulse felt on palpation
c. Cyanosis observed on excretion
d. Murmur heard on auscultation: d. Murmur heard on auscultation
Exp: Where flow is obstructed the vessel turns or blood flows over rough
surfaces. The flow becomes turbulent with whorls or eddy currents that
produce noise causing a murmur to be heard on auscultation such as
,occurs during blood pressure measurement with a sphygomanometer. This
selection is the only option that accurately identifies the physical sign of
turbulent vascular blood flow. pg 1113
5. Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and
down syndrome?
a. Coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary stenosis
b. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus c. Atrial septal
defect and dextrocardia
d. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus: d. Ventricular
septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: Congenital heart defects that are related to dysfunction of trisomy 13,
trisomy
18 and down syndrome include VSD and PDA see Table 33-2 The other
defects are not associated with dysfunction of trisomy 13 or 17 and down
syndrome. pg
1200
6. An infant has a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the
left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole as well as a
bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are
consistent with which congenital heart defect?
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Ventricular septal defect c. Patent ductus arteriosus
d. Atrioventricular canal defect: c. Patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen then infants with will
characteristi- cally have a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at
the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole. If the PDA is
significant then the infant also will have bounding pulses an active
precordium, a thrill on palpation and signs and symptoms of pulmonary over
circulation. The presentations of the other congenital heart defects are not
consistent with the described the symptoms pages
1203-1204
7. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children
diag- nosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
a. Lying on their left side
b. Performing the valsalva maneuver c. Squatting
d. hyperventilating: c. Squatting
Exp: squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by older
children to alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants increase
systemic resistance while decreasing venous return to the heart from the
inferior vena cava. The other options would not result in these changes. pg
1209
,8. An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus would
likely exhibit which symptom?
a. Intermittent murmur b. Lack of symptoms
c. Need for surgical repair
d. Triad of congenital defects: b. Lack of symptoms
Exp: Infants with a small PDA usually remain asymptomatic. page 1203-
1204
9. Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?
a. Pleural effusion b. Atelectasis
c. Bronchiectasis
d. Ischemia: a. Pleural Effusion
Exp: Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space. page1254
10. Which medication classification is generally included in the
treatment of silicosis?
a. Corticosteroids b. Antiboitics
c. Bronchodilators
d. Expectorants: a. Corticosteroids
Exp: No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although corticosteroids may
pro- duce some improvement in the early, more acute stages. page 1259
11. The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for
prema- ture infants when they are born between how many weeks of
gestation?
a. 16 and 24 b. 20 and 24 c. 24 and 30
d. 30 and 36: d. 30 and 36
Exp: Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36 weeks. The
other options are not true regarding the timeframe when the risk for RDS
decreases. page 1292
12. What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress
syndrome
(RDS) of the newborn?
a. Low birth weight
b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc c. Premature birth
, d. Smoking during pregnancy: a. Premature birth
Exp: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease
(HMD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns.
page 1301
13. What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
of the newborn?
a. Immature immune system b. Small alveoli
c. Surfactant deficiency
d. Anemia: c. Surfactant deficiency
Exp: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and secondarily by a
deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. page 1301
14. What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress
syn- drome (RDS) of the newborn?
a. Consolidation
b. Pulmonary edema c. Atelectasis
d. Bronchiolar plugging: c. Atelectasis
Exp: The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant hypoxemia
and is difficult for the neonate to overcome because a significant negative
inspiratory pressure is required to open the alveoli with each breath. None of
the other options are considered a primary problem associated with RDS.
page 1301
15. Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow
obstruc- tion, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased
pul- monary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging
c. P!ulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-
pro- ducing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas,
sweat ducts, and vas deferens
d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased
pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency: c.
Pulmonary disorder involv- ing an abnormal expression of a protein-
producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts,
and vas deferens
1. Removal of part of the liver leads to the remaining liver cells
undergoing compensatory: Compensatory hyperplasia is an adaptive
mechanism that en- ables certain organs to regenerate. For example, the
removal of part of the liver leads to hyperplasia of the remaining liver cells
(hepatocytes) to compensate for the loss.
2. Which of the following statements best describes Raynaud disease?
a. An inflammatory disorder of small and medium-size arteries in the
feet and sometimes in the hands
b. A neoplastic disorder of the lining of the arteries and veins of the
upper extremities
c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and arterioles of the
fingers, and less commonly, the toes
d. An autoimmune disorder of the large arteries and veins of the upper
and lower extremities: c. A vasospastic disorder of the small arteries and
arterioles of the fingers, and less commonly, the toes
3. A patient is diagnosed with pulmonary disease and elevated
pulmonary vascular resistance. Which of the following heart failures
may result from this condition?
a. Right heart failure b. Left heart failure
c. Low-output failure
d. High-output failure: a. Right heart failure
Exp: Right heart failure is defined as the inability of the right ventricle to
provide adequate blood flow into the pulmonary circulation at a normal
central venous pressure. It most often results from the left heart failure when
the increase in left ventricular filling pressure that is reflected back into the
pulmonary circulation is severe enough. As pressure in the pulmonary
circulation rises, the resistance to right ventricular emptying increases.
4. What physical sign is the result of turbulent blood flow through a
vessel?
a. Increased blood pressure during periods of stress b. Bounding
pulse felt on palpation
c. Cyanosis observed on excretion
d. Murmur heard on auscultation: d. Murmur heard on auscultation
Exp: Where flow is obstructed the vessel turns or blood flows over rough
surfaces. The flow becomes turbulent with whorls or eddy currents that
produce noise causing a murmur to be heard on auscultation such as
,occurs during blood pressure measurement with a sphygomanometer. This
selection is the only option that accurately identifies the physical sign of
turbulent vascular blood flow. pg 1113
5. Which congenital heart defects occur in trisomy 13, trisomy 18 and
down syndrome?
a. Coarctation of the aorta and pulmonary stenosis
b. Tetralogy of Fallot and persistent truncus arteriosus c. Atrial septal
defect and dextrocardia
d. Ventricular septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus: d. Ventricular
septal defect and patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: Congenital heart defects that are related to dysfunction of trisomy 13,
trisomy
18 and down syndrome include VSD and PDA see Table 33-2 The other
defects are not associated with dysfunction of trisomy 13 or 17 and down
syndrome. pg
1200
6. An infant has a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at the
left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole as well as a
bounding pulse and a thrill on palpation. These clinical findings are
consistent with which congenital heart defect?
a. Atrial septal defect
b. Ventricular septal defect c. Patent ductus arteriosus
d. Atrioventricular canal defect: c. Patent ductus arteriosus
Exp: If pulmonary vascular resistance has fallen then infants with will
characteristi- cally have a continuous machine/type murmur best heard at
the left upper sternal border throughout systole and diastole. If the PDA is
significant then the infant also will have bounding pulses an active
precordium, a thrill on palpation and signs and symptoms of pulmonary over
circulation. The presentations of the other congenital heart defects are not
consistent with the described the symptoms pages
1203-1204
7. Which compensatory mechanism is spontaneously used by children
diag- nosed with tetralogy of Fallot to relieve hypoxic spells?
a. Lying on their left side
b. Performing the valsalva maneuver c. Squatting
d. hyperventilating: c. Squatting
Exp: squatting is a spontaneous compensatory mechanism used by older
children to alleviate hypoxic spells. Squatting and its variants increase
systemic resistance while decreasing venous return to the heart from the
inferior vena cava. The other options would not result in these changes. pg
1209
,8. An infant diagnosed with a small patent ductus arteriosus would
likely exhibit which symptom?
a. Intermittent murmur b. Lack of symptoms
c. Need for surgical repair
d. Triad of congenital defects: b. Lack of symptoms
Exp: Infants with a small PDA usually remain asymptomatic. page 1203-
1204
9. Fluid in the pleural space characterizes which condition?
a. Pleural effusion b. Atelectasis
c. Bronchiectasis
d. Ischemia: a. Pleural Effusion
Exp: Pleural effusion is the presence of fluid in the pleural space. page1254
10. Which medication classification is generally included in the
treatment of silicosis?
a. Corticosteroids b. Antiboitics
c. Bronchodilators
d. Expectorants: a. Corticosteroids
Exp: No specific treatment exists for silicosis, although corticosteroids may
pro- duce some improvement in the early, more acute stages. page 1259
11. The risk for respiratory distress syndrome (RDS) decreases for
prema- ture infants when they are born between how many weeks of
gestation?
a. 16 and 24 b. 20 and 24 c. 24 and 30
d. 30 and 36: d. 30 and 36
Exp: Surfactant is secreted into fetal airways between 30 and 36 weeks. The
other options are not true regarding the timeframe when the risk for RDS
decreases. page 1292
12. What is the chief predisposing factor for respiratory distress
syndrome
(RDS) of the newborn?
a. Low birth weight
b. Alcohol consumption during pregnanc c. Premature birth
, d. Smoking during pregnancy: a. Premature birth
Exp: RDS of the newborn, also known as hyaline membrane disease
(HMD), is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in premature newborns.
page 1301
13. What is the primary cause of respiratory distress syndrome (RDS)
of the newborn?
a. Immature immune system b. Small alveoli
c. Surfactant deficiency
d. Anemia: c. Surfactant deficiency
Exp: RDS is primarily caused by surfactant deficiency and secondarily by a
deficiency in alveolar surface area for gas exchange. page 1301
14. What is the primary problem resulting from respiratory distress
syn- drome (RDS) of the newborn?
a. Consolidation
b. Pulmonary edema c. Atelectasis
d. Bronchiolar plugging: c. Atelectasis
Exp: The primary problem is atelectasis, which causes significant hypoxemia
and is difficult for the neonate to overcome because a significant negative
inspiratory pressure is required to open the alveoli with each breath. None of
the other options are considered a primary problem associated with RDS.
page 1301
15. Which statement best describes cystic fibrosis?
a. Obstructive airway disease characterized by reversible airflow
obstruc- tion, bronchial hyperreactivity, and inflammation
b. Respiratory disease characterized by severe hypoxemia, decreased
pul- monary compliance, and diffuse densities on chest X-ray imaging
c. P!ulmonary disorder involving an abnormal expression of a protein-
pro- ducing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas,
sweat ducts, and vas deferens
d. Pulmonary disorder characterized by atelectasis and increased
pulmonary resistance as a result of a surfactant deficiency: c.
Pulmonary disorder involv- ing an abnormal expression of a protein-
producing viscous mucus that obstructs the airways, pancreas, sweat ducts,
and vas deferens
