RENAL SYSTEM
1. Which of the following is true about renal blood flow?
a) The kidneys receive 12-15% of cardiac output
b) Is kept constant within a small range by sympathetic
vasomotor tone
c) Measured by renal clearance of inulin
d) The dilution method is used for its measurement
e) Goes mainly to the renal cortex
2. The characteristics of the Loop of Henle include:
a) Descending limb is not permeable to water
b) Urine becomes more dilute as it reaches the tip of the loop
c) Ascending limb is permeable to water
d) In thin ascending limb urea is actively transported to interstitial fluid
e) Na is reabsorbed by Na-K ATPase in ascending limb
3. The following is true about the Vasta Recta:
a) Descending vasta recta reabsorbs water from the interstitial fluid
b) The descending capillaries loose Na and Urea
c) Plasma becomes hyperosmotic as it descends in vasta recta
d) Ascending capillaries loose water to interstitial fluid
e) They are responsible for the countercurrent multiplier mechanism
4. About Bicarbonate Reabsorption:
a) Represents a high capacity low gradient system
b) Filtered bicarbonate/ day= 400 – 500 mmol/day
c) More HCO3 is absorbed in distal than proximal tubules
d) PCT apical membrane is permeable to HCO3-
e) H2CO3 is PCT lumen is catalyzed at brush border by carbonic anhydrase to
give CO2 and HCO3-
5. All of the following are true of ammonium production except:
a) It is mainly a function of PCT
b) The source is mainly glutamine
c) It represents the main mechanism in renal excretion of H+
d) It is a low capacity high gradient system
e) It is increased when the urine pH is low
6. The functions of the renal proximal convoluted tubes include:
a) Reabsorption of all bicarbonate filtered at the glomerulus
b) Production of renin
c) Reaborption of 80% of filtered bicarbonate
d) Reabsorption of bicarbonate resulting in fixed acid secretion
e) Hydrogen ion secretion by facilitated diffusion
7. Titrable Acidity (TA):
a) Can be measured by titration against sodium hydroxide to pH 7.4
b) Is a measure of H+ mainly buffered by ammonium ions in the distal tubules
c) Is the same as the amion gap
d) Creatinine contributes to significant amounts to TA
e) Ketoacids in diabetic acidosis do not increase TA
, 8. For those substances that are actively reabsorbed or secreted, the highest limit
of the amount that can be transported per unit time by the kidney tubules:
a) Depends on the rate at which the transport mechanism operates
b) Is directly related to the plasma concentration of the substance
c) Depends on the tubular transport maximum
d) Is dependent upon tubular load
e) Depends on the GFR
9. If the clearance of Substance X is greater than the clearance on inulin, it is
most likely that substance X is:
a) Bound to tubular proteins
b) Bound to plasma proteins
c) Secreted
d) Reabsorbed
e) Neither secreted nor reabsorbed
10. Renin is produced and secreted from granules located in the:
a) Macula densa
b) Mesangial cells
c) Intercalated cells
d) Afferent arteriole
e) Interstitial cells
11. The tonicity of urine as it enters the renal collecting duct is:
a) Isotonic
b) Hypotonic or isotonic, but never hypertonic
c) Hypotonic
d) Hypertonic
e) Hypertonic or isotonic, but never hypotonic
12. On assuming the upright posture, one would expect:
a) Stimulation of the baroreceptore reflex
b) Increased pulmonary artery pressure
c) A decrease in pulse rate
d) Venodilation
e) An increase in renal blood flow
13. In a healthy adult man the glomerular filteration rate is expected to be:
a) 225 ml/min
b) 325 ml/min
c) 125 ml/min
d) 25 ml/min
e) 180 ml/min
14. The following factors when increased, they will increase the glomerular
filteration rate except:
a) Renal blood flow
b) Afferent arteriolar diameter
c) Efferent arteriolar diameter
d) Permeability of glomerular membrane
e) Capillary surface area
1. Which of the following is true about renal blood flow?
a) The kidneys receive 12-15% of cardiac output
b) Is kept constant within a small range by sympathetic
vasomotor tone
c) Measured by renal clearance of inulin
d) The dilution method is used for its measurement
e) Goes mainly to the renal cortex
2. The characteristics of the Loop of Henle include:
a) Descending limb is not permeable to water
b) Urine becomes more dilute as it reaches the tip of the loop
c) Ascending limb is permeable to water
d) In thin ascending limb urea is actively transported to interstitial fluid
e) Na is reabsorbed by Na-K ATPase in ascending limb
3. The following is true about the Vasta Recta:
a) Descending vasta recta reabsorbs water from the interstitial fluid
b) The descending capillaries loose Na and Urea
c) Plasma becomes hyperosmotic as it descends in vasta recta
d) Ascending capillaries loose water to interstitial fluid
e) They are responsible for the countercurrent multiplier mechanism
4. About Bicarbonate Reabsorption:
a) Represents a high capacity low gradient system
b) Filtered bicarbonate/ day= 400 – 500 mmol/day
c) More HCO3 is absorbed in distal than proximal tubules
d) PCT apical membrane is permeable to HCO3-
e) H2CO3 is PCT lumen is catalyzed at brush border by carbonic anhydrase to
give CO2 and HCO3-
5. All of the following are true of ammonium production except:
a) It is mainly a function of PCT
b) The source is mainly glutamine
c) It represents the main mechanism in renal excretion of H+
d) It is a low capacity high gradient system
e) It is increased when the urine pH is low
6. The functions of the renal proximal convoluted tubes include:
a) Reabsorption of all bicarbonate filtered at the glomerulus
b) Production of renin
c) Reaborption of 80% of filtered bicarbonate
d) Reabsorption of bicarbonate resulting in fixed acid secretion
e) Hydrogen ion secretion by facilitated diffusion
7. Titrable Acidity (TA):
a) Can be measured by titration against sodium hydroxide to pH 7.4
b) Is a measure of H+ mainly buffered by ammonium ions in the distal tubules
c) Is the same as the amion gap
d) Creatinine contributes to significant amounts to TA
e) Ketoacids in diabetic acidosis do not increase TA
, 8. For those substances that are actively reabsorbed or secreted, the highest limit
of the amount that can be transported per unit time by the kidney tubules:
a) Depends on the rate at which the transport mechanism operates
b) Is directly related to the plasma concentration of the substance
c) Depends on the tubular transport maximum
d) Is dependent upon tubular load
e) Depends on the GFR
9. If the clearance of Substance X is greater than the clearance on inulin, it is
most likely that substance X is:
a) Bound to tubular proteins
b) Bound to plasma proteins
c) Secreted
d) Reabsorbed
e) Neither secreted nor reabsorbed
10. Renin is produced and secreted from granules located in the:
a) Macula densa
b) Mesangial cells
c) Intercalated cells
d) Afferent arteriole
e) Interstitial cells
11. The tonicity of urine as it enters the renal collecting duct is:
a) Isotonic
b) Hypotonic or isotonic, but never hypertonic
c) Hypotonic
d) Hypertonic
e) Hypertonic or isotonic, but never hypotonic
12. On assuming the upright posture, one would expect:
a) Stimulation of the baroreceptore reflex
b) Increased pulmonary artery pressure
c) A decrease in pulse rate
d) Venodilation
e) An increase in renal blood flow
13. In a healthy adult man the glomerular filteration rate is expected to be:
a) 225 ml/min
b) 325 ml/min
c) 125 ml/min
d) 25 ml/min
e) 180 ml/min
14. The following factors when increased, they will increase the glomerular
filteration rate except:
a) Renal blood flow
b) Afferent arteriolar diameter
c) Efferent arteriolar diameter
d) Permeability of glomerular membrane
e) Capillary surface area
