CIVIL ENGINEERING CONSTRUTION FOR SABE
COURSE OUTLINE
➢ Retaining walls
➢ Earthworks
➢ Roads
➢ Railways
➢ Water tanks and silos
➢ Basements
➢ Tunneling
➢ Piers
➢ Dredging
EACR 3176:CIVIL ENGINEERING EACQ 3276: CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
➢ Retaining walls ➢ Classification of soils
➢ Basements ➢ Soil stabilization
➢ Tunneling ➢ Earthworks in dam and embankment
➢ Water storage tanks and silos ➢ Foundations(deep foundations,
➢ Roads (rigid and flexible) displacement and driven piles)
➢ Railways and platforms ➢ Tunneling
➢ Sea embankments ➢ Water storage tanks
➢ Dredging ➢ Roads (rigid and flexible)
➢ Piers ➢ Bridges
➢ Light house ➢ Railways and components
➢ Sea front structures
➢ dredging
EARTHWORKS
Earthwork: the processes whereby the surface of the earth is excavated and transported to
and compacted at another location
,•the introduction of the internal combustion engine, electric power and hydraulic power
have led to the development of a wide range of earthwork plant (size, capacity and
efficiency)
.•scale: ranges from small works (the excavation of ditches and trenches for drainage and
pits and trenches for foundations) to the large earthworks (highways and dams)
carried out at an early stage in a construction project, completion of the earthworks
within the scheduled time is often the key to the completion on time of the whole project
•success often depends on:
•an adequate site investigation and preparing practical and satisfactory designs of the
earthworks
the choice and efficient use of the correct types and size of plant to meet the particular
requirements of the site.
The Design of Earthworks
Site or route selection factors:
•the availability and cost of the land
•planning, design, construction, environmental and economic considerations (choice of
dam sites and the routes for highways and railways)
•the geological conditions and other geotechnical considerations
Environmental and economic considerations
•the design & construction and the cost of earthworks are generally dependant on:•the
environment in and around the site
•the ground conditions within the site
•the availability of materials for earthworks in the area.
•the landscape of the area should be taken into consideration, the earthworks should not
disfigure but blend into the environment:–suitable profiles of earthworks–amenity
embankments–tree planting etc
balance the amount of fill arising from cuttings with the amount of fill required to
construct the embankments -reduce the cost of earthworks:–minimise the quantities of
imported materials –minimise material to be disposed of off-site
,•transportation and minimise disruption of the local environment (especially on larger
schemes).
consider natural and waste resources in the area, such as are produced from the local
mines, pits, quarries, power stations, etc. as fill required to construct the embankments •to
incorporate lower quality local materials than to import higher quality materials from
some distance away -reduce cost transportation and minimise disruption of the local
environment (especially on larger schemes).
Design of Cuttings and Embankments
Excavations
carried out either as part of the permanent works (e.g. cuttings) or a temporary expedient
in the construction of the works (e.g. for foundations and drainage) the sides of the
excavations are required to remain stable during their design life, can be achieved by:–
excavating the material to a stable slope angle –by retaining or supporting the material.
Slope
the stability of slope (natural and cut) is controlled by:–the nature, distribution, density
and strength of the materials that form the slopes–the groundwater conditions or
porewater pressures–external or surcharge loadings,–the strength and disposition of any
discontinuities.
The effects of cutting
reduces the total stresses in the slope which leads to a reduction of the pore pressures
-increases the stability of the slope in the short term. Pore pressures will tend to rise to a
new equilibrium value and the materials in the slope may weaken, leading to a reduction
in the stability of the slope
occur rapidly in granular soils and well jointed rocks and there will be little difference in
the long and short term stability -analyses of the stability of slopes carried out by
effective stress methods
•occur slowly in cohesive soils and rocks due to low permeability (weeks or even
decades) -total stress methods of analysis are used for the short term stability and
effective stress methods for the intermediate and long term
weathering and erosion of slopes should be allowed for in the design factors of safety
applied to the design of slopes depend on:–the extent and reliability of the knowledge of
, the ground conditions –the consequences of failure–a good level of investigation, a factor
of safety of between 1.3 and 1.4 would be appropriate
Scope of Earthworks
•Site clearing
•Cutting and excavation
•Transport and moving
•Compaction
•Sloping
Types of Excavation works
•Bulk excavation
•Under water rock excavation
•Dumpling work of support
•Embankment
Earthwork
Clearing & Grubbing
•removal of trees, shrubs, and other vegetation
•removing stumps and root mat at least 2’ (600mm) below subgrade
•less removal required for embankment heights > 5’
•topsoil striping
•muck excavation
Prior to starting any earthwork:
•verify location of underground utilities through “Miss Utility” or local “one-call”
system–check for utilities not included in one-call system–dig test pits to confirm actual
locations
•note location of aerial utilities for equipment and truck clearances
•confirm that all applicable permits and approvals have been secured
Install all required E&SC devices
•Review soil borings and other geotechnical information
•Observe existing drainage patterns
•Plan access and excavation patterns
•Determine handling of spoils
COURSE OUTLINE
➢ Retaining walls
➢ Earthworks
➢ Roads
➢ Railways
➢ Water tanks and silos
➢ Basements
➢ Tunneling
➢ Piers
➢ Dredging
EACR 3176:CIVIL ENGINEERING EACQ 3276: CIVIL ENGINEERING
CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY
➢ Retaining walls ➢ Classification of soils
➢ Basements ➢ Soil stabilization
➢ Tunneling ➢ Earthworks in dam and embankment
➢ Water storage tanks and silos ➢ Foundations(deep foundations,
➢ Roads (rigid and flexible) displacement and driven piles)
➢ Railways and platforms ➢ Tunneling
➢ Sea embankments ➢ Water storage tanks
➢ Dredging ➢ Roads (rigid and flexible)
➢ Piers ➢ Bridges
➢ Light house ➢ Railways and components
➢ Sea front structures
➢ dredging
EARTHWORKS
Earthwork: the processes whereby the surface of the earth is excavated and transported to
and compacted at another location
,•the introduction of the internal combustion engine, electric power and hydraulic power
have led to the development of a wide range of earthwork plant (size, capacity and
efficiency)
.•scale: ranges from small works (the excavation of ditches and trenches for drainage and
pits and trenches for foundations) to the large earthworks (highways and dams)
carried out at an early stage in a construction project, completion of the earthworks
within the scheduled time is often the key to the completion on time of the whole project
•success often depends on:
•an adequate site investigation and preparing practical and satisfactory designs of the
earthworks
the choice and efficient use of the correct types and size of plant to meet the particular
requirements of the site.
The Design of Earthworks
Site or route selection factors:
•the availability and cost of the land
•planning, design, construction, environmental and economic considerations (choice of
dam sites and the routes for highways and railways)
•the geological conditions and other geotechnical considerations
Environmental and economic considerations
•the design & construction and the cost of earthworks are generally dependant on:•the
environment in and around the site
•the ground conditions within the site
•the availability of materials for earthworks in the area.
•the landscape of the area should be taken into consideration, the earthworks should not
disfigure but blend into the environment:–suitable profiles of earthworks–amenity
embankments–tree planting etc
balance the amount of fill arising from cuttings with the amount of fill required to
construct the embankments -reduce the cost of earthworks:–minimise the quantities of
imported materials –minimise material to be disposed of off-site
,•transportation and minimise disruption of the local environment (especially on larger
schemes).
consider natural and waste resources in the area, such as are produced from the local
mines, pits, quarries, power stations, etc. as fill required to construct the embankments •to
incorporate lower quality local materials than to import higher quality materials from
some distance away -reduce cost transportation and minimise disruption of the local
environment (especially on larger schemes).
Design of Cuttings and Embankments
Excavations
carried out either as part of the permanent works (e.g. cuttings) or a temporary expedient
in the construction of the works (e.g. for foundations and drainage) the sides of the
excavations are required to remain stable during their design life, can be achieved by:–
excavating the material to a stable slope angle –by retaining or supporting the material.
Slope
the stability of slope (natural and cut) is controlled by:–the nature, distribution, density
and strength of the materials that form the slopes–the groundwater conditions or
porewater pressures–external or surcharge loadings,–the strength and disposition of any
discontinuities.
The effects of cutting
reduces the total stresses in the slope which leads to a reduction of the pore pressures
-increases the stability of the slope in the short term. Pore pressures will tend to rise to a
new equilibrium value and the materials in the slope may weaken, leading to a reduction
in the stability of the slope
occur rapidly in granular soils and well jointed rocks and there will be little difference in
the long and short term stability -analyses of the stability of slopes carried out by
effective stress methods
•occur slowly in cohesive soils and rocks due to low permeability (weeks or even
decades) -total stress methods of analysis are used for the short term stability and
effective stress methods for the intermediate and long term
weathering and erosion of slopes should be allowed for in the design factors of safety
applied to the design of slopes depend on:–the extent and reliability of the knowledge of
, the ground conditions –the consequences of failure–a good level of investigation, a factor
of safety of between 1.3 and 1.4 would be appropriate
Scope of Earthworks
•Site clearing
•Cutting and excavation
•Transport and moving
•Compaction
•Sloping
Types of Excavation works
•Bulk excavation
•Under water rock excavation
•Dumpling work of support
•Embankment
Earthwork
Clearing & Grubbing
•removal of trees, shrubs, and other vegetation
•removing stumps and root mat at least 2’ (600mm) below subgrade
•less removal required for embankment heights > 5’
•topsoil striping
•muck excavation
Prior to starting any earthwork:
•verify location of underground utilities through “Miss Utility” or local “one-call”
system–check for utilities not included in one-call system–dig test pits to confirm actual
locations
•note location of aerial utilities for equipment and truck clearances
•confirm that all applicable permits and approvals have been secured
Install all required E&SC devices
•Review soil borings and other geotechnical information
•Observe existing drainage patterns
•Plan access and excavation patterns
•Determine handling of spoils
