BIOCHEMISTRY

,SYLLABUS:
Unit 1 Basic Organic Chemistry:
Introduction- Important elements in biology, concept of hybridization
Shape of water and ammonia
molecules Acids and bases, pH, Henderson- Hasselbalch Equation, Buffers, Important functional
groups in organic chemistry, Non-covalent interactions, General types of reactions in Biochemistry,
Electrophiles and nucleophiles in biological system.
-




Unit 2: Amino Acids and Proteins:
Introduction, Classification Optical isomerism, chemical properties, Acid-base properties- polyionic
nature, zwitter ions, pKa's, pI, Peptide bond formation and properties, Classification of proteins. Levels
of protein structure (brief mention of primary, secondary, tertiary & quaternary structures, Denaturation
of Proteins.
Unit :Carbohydrates
Introduction, Sources, Classification into mono, di and polysaccharides. Classification of
monosaccharides based on no. of carbon atoms.), aldoses and ketoses, Fischer projections, Haworth
structures, Anomers, Epimers, Structure and functions of sugars, Disaccharides
Polysaccharides,
Glycoconjugates.
Unit 4: Nucleic Acids
Structures of purine and pyrimidine bases Nucleosides, nucleotides, RNA, & DNA Types of RNA
Structure of DNA, Watson and Crick model., DNA denaturation, Hyperchromic shift, Aminoacyl tRNA
synthetase
Unit 5: Lipids
Introduction, sources, Nomenclature Classification, Properties & Functions Fatty acids, Triacy!
glycerols, Membrane lipids, Glycerophospholipids and sphigophospholipids, Steroids, Structure of
steroid nucleus, Biological role of Cholesterol, fat soluble vitamins, Biological Membranes


Reference Books
1.Lehninger, Nelson and Cox, Principles of
Biochemistry,
Voet & Voet, Fundamentals of Biochemistry, 3rd Edition 2004.
Lubert Stryer, Biochemistry, 6 th Edition, W.H.Freeman and Company, 2007.
Graham Solomons and Craig B. Frhyle, Organic Chemistry, Eighth Edition John Wiley
and Sons, 2004.

, 01102122

L amino acids
1g
-




inhuman beings
D-
sugars

reaction occurs between electrophile and nucleophile
biomolecules

carbohydrates
proteins
-
lipid, war
, glycerol phospholipid
,
,
cholesterol , phospho glycerol lipids
-




-
nucleic acids DNA/ RNA




02102122



major elements
→ Carbon, Hydrogen Oxygen Nitrogen Phosphorus Sutphen
,
, , ,


atomic no → 6 I 8 7 15 16

Is
'
b 15252ps 3s23p4
electronic config →
1528¥ 1522544 3523ps
valency →
4 2 2 3 5 2




sulphur in amino acids phospholipids ,




electronegativity f> 0 N > etc .




bonds
↳ mostly endup polar covalent
as



specific property of 0 and N ?
↳
Hydrogen bonding

, QUANTUM NUMBERS
.




distance from nucleus
1.
principal in 1
, 2,3 . . . .

,
energy of
electro

azimuthal l orbital
2. 0 to n l subshell,
angular moment shape of
-

,




magnetic l to
ltotae.ge, number of elections in orbital
3. m - + an



4- spin s
-112,42 spin of e-
,
clockwise
/ anticlockwise




How electrons in Na can have the value a-21=1 value ?
many

Na -11 -


n=2 1=1 2p
i. 6 electrons




03/02/22
or ñ

weak
strong
free rotation restricted

hybrid orbitals cannot be formed by hybrid orbital
orbitals
ep of


Ground slate
HYBRIDISATION :
FI
,H ☒

%
methane tetraheal
-

H ☒ only unpaired
%a¥
-


te
e-
4sp3 hybridise orbitals ,
-
only 2 covalent
-
bonds determine shape of molecule .




Hybridise
ten
-4 unpaired
- 4 coralnt