HESI A2 BIOLOGY LATEST update(100% CORRECT)

HESI A2 BIOLOGY LATEST update In the hierarchic system of classification, which of the following is the least inclusive? Species After observing an event, you develop an explanation. This sta tement is referred to as which of the following? Hypothesis A molecule of water is bonded with another molecule of water by what type of bond? Hydrogen Which of the following is a benefit of the intermolecular hydrogn bonding of water? Water has a relatively high specific heat value Water has strong cohesive and adhesive properties Polarity of water allows it to act as a versatile solvent Of all the molecules that are significant to biology, which of the following are considered the most important? Carbohydrates, lipids, protein, and nucleic acids Lipids are better known as fats, but what are they specifically? Fatty acids Phospholipids Steroids What are the two categories of fatty acids? Saturated fats and unsaturated fats How do phospholipids function in cells? They are integral components of the plasma membrane Which of the biologic molecules are considered the most significant contributor to cellular function? Proteins Proteins are polymers of which of the following? Amino acids Which of the following proteins catalyze different reactions or processes? Enzyme Which of the biologic molecules are components of the molecules of inheritance? Nucleic acids What is the sum of all chemical reactions that occur in an organism? Metabolism In a cell, reactions take place in a series of steps called: Metabolic pathways What is the fundamental unit of biology? Cell Which type of cell contains no defined nucleus? Prokaryotic cell What is the primary purpose of the flagella on the surface of cells? Movement of the cell Which cell organelle functions to transport materials from the endoplasmic reticulum throughout the cell? Golgi apparatus Which of the following are the distinct organelles that produce cell energy? Mitochondrion and chloroplast Which component of the cell contributes to the protection, communication, and passage of substances into and out of the cell? Cell membrane The cell membrane consists of a bilayer of phospholipids with proteins, cholesterol, and glycoproteins. This bilayer creates a hydrophobic region between two layers of lipids, making it which of the following? Selectively permeable What are the two catabolic pathways that lead to cellular energy production? Fermentation and cellular respiration What is the first step in the conversion of glucose to pyruvate? Glycolysis Which step in cellular respiration yields the greatest amount of ATP? Electron Transport Chain During cell respiration, the conversion of glucose results in an overall production of how many ATP molecules? 32-36 What is the function of water in photosynthesis? Supply electrons in the light reactions Cells reproduce by different processes, all of which fall into what two categories? Sexual reproduction and asexual reproduction Which of the following describes how a bacterium reproduces? Binary fission Regarding mitosis and cytokinesis, one difference between higher plants and animals is that in plants: A cell plate begins to form at telophase, whereas in animals a cleavage furrow is initiated at that stage During which phase of cell reproduction does the cell divide forming two separate identical cells? Cytokinesis How does meiosis differ from mitosis? In meiosis, each of the daughter cells contains half as many chromosomes as the parent At which phase of meiosis does crossing over occur? Prophase 1 A cell division occurs in a human. The resulting cells contain 23 chromosomes. This is a description of gametes formed by which process? Meiosis If you wanted to determine the probability of a genotype, which of the following would you use? Punnett square Which of the following terms is used to describe the appearance of the organism? Phenotype What is the probability that a recessive trait would be expressed in offspring if two parents who are both heterozygous for the desired trait were crossed? 25% Because genetics is the study of heredity, many human disorders can be determined by studying a person's chromosomes or by creating which of the following? Pedigree Why is DNA important for metabolic activities of the cell? It controls the synthesis of enzymes During protein synthesis, what process uses an RNA strand to produce a complementary strand of DNA? Transcription During the process of transcription, a sequence of RNA is generated in which the RNA base cytosine (C) is inserted complementary to the DNA base guanine (G). Which RNA base is inserted complementary to the DNA base thymine (T)? Adenine Why is polarity the most important characteristic of water? The results of the polarity are hydrogen bonding, a high specific heat value, and its versatile solvent properties. Athletes are often concerned with the question of what they need in their diets to increase muscle mass and strength. What biological molecule would you recommend that would accomplish this? Proteins Which organelle would you expect to be present in a cell responsible for detoxifying multiple molecules? Smooth ER (endoplasmic reticulum) A cell from heart muscle would more than likely contain an unusual high proportion of: Mitochondria Which part of cellular respiration produces the greatest amount of ATP? Electron Transport Chain When plants do not receive enough water their photosynthetic rated drops. This is because: Water is a raw material for the light reactions in photosynthesis Which of the following statements is true about the Krebs cycle and the Calvin cycle? Both result in a net production of ATP and NADH Why is it important for cells to undergo mitosis? Mitosis produces cells for growth and repair of body tissue 72 Chromosomes undergo meiosis. How many chromosomes will be in each gamete? 36 Which of the following shows how information is transformed to make a protein? DNA-RNA-protein What is the typical result of mitosis in humans? two diploid cells How does water affect the temperate of a living thing Water keeps temperature stable What are the products to kreb cycle? Carbon dioxide, ATP, and energy carriers What kind of none connects sugar and phosphate in DNA Covalent bonds What is the second part of an organism;s scientific name? Species How are lipids different that other organic molecules? They are not water soluble What is a cohesive property? Water is attracted to water What is adhesive property? Water is attracted to other substance Which hormone is produced by the pineal gland? Melatonin What is the name of the organelle that organizes protein synthesis? Ribosome During which phase is the chromosome number reduced from diploid to haploid Meiosis I What is the name for a cell that does not contain a nucleus? Prokaryote What is the name of the physical presentation of an organism's genes? Phenotype Which of the following forms of water is the densest? Liquid What is the longest phase in the life of a cell? Interphase What is not found in bacterial cell? Mitochondria What kind of macromolecule is hemoglobin? Proteins Which of the following is not involved in translation? RNA, mRNA, ribosome, DNA DNA Which of the following is necessary for cell diffusion Water How many different types of nucleotides are there in DNA? 4 (cytosine, guanine, adenine, thyamine) Which of the following cell types has no nucleus Red blood cells Which part of the aerobic respiration uses oxygen? Electron transport chain What is the most general taxonomic category? Kingdom What is the name of the process by which a bacterial cell splits into two new cells? Binary fission Name the taxonomical classification of living things, in order of increasing specificity. Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species Name the 5 biological kingdom monera, protista, fungi, plantae, animalia Name the hierarchal levels of life from simplest to more complex Atoms-- molecules-- organelles-- cells-- tissues-- organs-- organisms -- population -- community-- biosphere What is the lowest level of organization with all the properties of life? Cells What are the three domains of living organisms? Bacteria, Archea, Eukarya Phospholipid bilayer has head and tail Hydrophilic (polar); hydrophophobic (nonpolar) Cytoplasm Semifluid "soup" of proteins, enzymes, dissolved salts, sugars. All the organelles and the nucleus float in the cytoplasm Nucleus Contains chromatin: a combination of DNA and associated proteins Nucleolus an area where synths of ribosomal genes rRNA takes place Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Sorts and modifies protein chains delivered by bound ribosomes Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum Lacks ribosome; site of lipid synthesis Golgi Body Connects with the smooth ER, completes lipid synthesis and sorters proteins to their correct destination in small vesicles Vesicles Transport proteins and lipid to the cell surface; bring proteins and lipids into cells from the cell surface, digest compounds Lysosomes Intracellular digestion; contain a potent brew of digestive enzymes Peroxisomes Break down fatty acids, amino acids, alcohol Mitochondria A double membrane bound organelle that makes ATP for cellular energy Chloroplast Plants only; a double membrane- bound organelle that makes sugar from sunlight and CO2 during photosynthesis Cytoskeleton Provides cell shape Cell Wall A tough rigid structure made up of cellulose chitin What organelle is responsible for protein synthesis? Ribosome Why is yeast used to make bread rise? Yeast carries out fermentation, producing ethanol and carbon dioxide How is mitosis different from meiosis? Meiosis creates cells with half the chromosomes of the parent cell A cell is in a solution in which the concentration of the solutes is higher inside the cell than outside the cell. What would you expect to happen to the cell? It will swell and possibly burst What is the phloem tissue in plant stems? It conducts the energy of light to leaves Physical factors such temperature and pH can alter enzyme activity because they have an effect on the enzyme's . Shape What kind of symbiosis exists between a pneumonia bacterium and a human? Parasitism Beeswax is an example of what kind of molecule Lipid In which phase of cell division do the chromosome replicate Interphase What happens to glucose during glycolysis? It splits into molecules of pyretic acid How do RNA and DNA derive their names? From the sugar each contains If a bacteria are placed in a strong solution of salt water, they will shrink as water moves out of the bacteria. What is this process called? Osmosis What does an enzyme do? Speeds up chemical reaction Two organisms live in a relationship from which both benefit. What is this called? Mutualism Which structure is found in protists but not in monerans? Golgi apparatus Rod shaped bacteria Bacilli Spiral shaped bacteria spirilla Round shaped bacteria Cocci What is the term for the breakdown of glycogen into glucose subunits? Hydrolysis Hydrolysis The chemical breakdown of a compound due to reactions with water Anabolism Synthesis from simple to complex molecules Catabolism Break down of complex molecules to simpler molecules Which organelle provides storage space for the cell? Vacuole What is a byproduct of fermentation in muscle cells? Lactic acid Telophase Phase of mitosis in which new nuclear membranes form around sets of chromosomes Names a final step in protein synthesis Amino acid bonds Foods with a high salt content do not have to be refrigerated. What natural process prevents these foods from spoiling? Osmosis What is necessary for active transport through a membrane to take place? ATP What are saturated fats saturated with? Hydrogen atoms How many pairs of homologous chromosomes do humans have? 23 What happens to mRNA as it reached the cytoplasm? It attaches to a ribosome Show Less