NR 507 FINAL EXAM 2.
Chapter 31: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
TRUE/FALSE
1. Whereas cardiogenesis begins at approximately 3 weeks’ gestation, most cardiovascular development occurs between the fourth and seventh.
ANS: T
Cardiogenesis begins at approximately 3 weeks of gestation; however, most cardiovascular development occurs between the fourth and seventh
weeks. REF: p. 1209
2. Closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a full-term infant normally occurs immediately after birth.
ANS: F
Closure of the PDA in full-term infants is usually noted between 15 hours of life and 2 weeks of age. REF: p. 1218
3. The purpose of the foramen ovale is to allow a right-to-left shunt necessary for fetal circulation.
ANS: T
The nonfused septum secundum and ostium secundum result in the formation of a flapped orifice known as the foramen ovale, which allows the right-to-
left shunting necessary for fetal circulation. REF: p. 1211
4. Lesions that increase the pulmonary blood flow are called right-to-left shunts.
ANS: F
Lesions increasing pulmonary blood flow include defects that allow blood flow to shunt from the high-pressure left side to the lower-pressure right
side, resulting in pulmonary congestion. REF: p. 1215
5. Complete transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart defect in which the left ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation.
ANS: T
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) refers to a condition in which the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left
ventricle. The result is two separate, parallel circuits in which unoxygenated blood circulates continuously through the systemic circulation and
oxygenated blood circulates repeatedly through the pulmonary circulation. This condition is incompatible with extrauterine life unless a communication
exists between the two circuits to provide the necessary oxygen to the body. REF: p. 1231
6. In some cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), pulmonary veins drain into the vena cava.
ANS: T
The four types of TAPVC are based on the site of drainage. Supracardiac TAPVCs are the most common form (50%) and drain to the superior vena
cava through the vertical or innominate vein. REF: p. 1232
7. Common clinical manifestations of right ventricular failure in infants include unexplained weight gain and periorbital edema.
ANS: F
Periorbital edema and weight gain without caloric increase are uncommon manifestations of right ventricular failure in infants. REF: p. 1217
8. In general, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of congestive heart failure (CHF) are very different in infants and children than in adults.
ANS: F
In general, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of CHF in infants and children are very similar to those in adults. The same compensatory mechanisms
are activated in the face of inadequate cardiac output. REF: p. 1216
9. Kawasaki disease is a self-limiting systemic vasculitis.
ANS: T
Kawasaki disease, otherwise known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is an acute self-limiting systemic vasculitis that may result in
cardiac sequelae. REF: p. 1234
10. Iron deficiency anemia may result from polycythemia that develops from chronic hypoxia.
ANS: T
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, In response to chronic hypoxemia, polycythemia may occur as the body generates additional red blood cells to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of
the blood. REF: p. 1218
11. Diagnosis of primary hypertension in children is difficult because the early stages are often asymptomatic.
ANS: T
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Chapter 31: Alterations of Cardiovascular Function in Children
TRUE/FALSE
1. Whereas cardiogenesis begins at approximately 3 weeks’ gestation, most cardiovascular development occurs between the fourth and seventh.
ANS: T
Cardiogenesis begins at approximately 3 weeks of gestation; however, most cardiovascular development occurs between the fourth and seventh
weeks. REF: p. 1209
2. Closure of the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA) in a full-term infant normally occurs immediately after birth.
ANS: F
Closure of the PDA in full-term infants is usually noted between 15 hours of life and 2 weeks of age. REF: p. 1218
3. The purpose of the foramen ovale is to allow a right-to-left shunt necessary for fetal circulation.
ANS: T
The nonfused septum secundum and ostium secundum result in the formation of a flapped orifice known as the foramen ovale, which allows the right-to-
left shunting necessary for fetal circulation. REF: p. 1211
4. Lesions that increase the pulmonary blood flow are called right-to-left shunts.
ANS: F
Lesions increasing pulmonary blood flow include defects that allow blood flow to shunt from the high-pressure left side to the lower-pressure right
side, resulting in pulmonary congestion. REF: p. 1215
5. Complete transposition of the great vessels is a congenital heart defect in which the left ventricle pumps blood to the pulmonary circulation.
ANS: T
Transposition of the great arteries (TGA) refers to a condition in which the aorta arises from the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery from the left
ventricle. The result is two separate, parallel circuits in which unoxygenated blood circulates continuously through the systemic circulation and
oxygenated blood circulates repeatedly through the pulmonary circulation. This condition is incompatible with extrauterine life unless a communication
exists between the two circuits to provide the necessary oxygen to the body. REF: p. 1231
6. In some cases of total anomalous pulmonary venous connection (TAPVC), pulmonary veins drain into the vena cava.
ANS: T
The four types of TAPVC are based on the site of drainage. Supracardiac TAPVCs are the most common form (50%) and drain to the superior vena
cava through the vertical or innominate vein. REF: p. 1232
7. Common clinical manifestations of right ventricular failure in infants include unexplained weight gain and periorbital edema.
ANS: F
Periorbital edema and weight gain without caloric increase are uncommon manifestations of right ventricular failure in infants. REF: p. 1217
8. In general, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of congestive heart failure (CHF) are very different in infants and children than in adults.
ANS: F
In general, the pathophysiologic mechanisms of CHF in infants and children are very similar to those in adults. The same compensatory mechanisms
are activated in the face of inadequate cardiac output. REF: p. 1216
9. Kawasaki disease is a self-limiting systemic vasculitis.
ANS: T
Kawasaki disease, otherwise known as mucocutaneous lymph node syndrome, is an acute self-limiting systemic vasculitis that may result in
cardiac sequelae. REF: p. 1234
10. Iron deficiency anemia may result from polycythemia that develops from chronic hypoxia.
ANS: T
This study source was downloaded by 100000834306259 from CourseHero.com on 02-14-2022 05:45:49 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/67345934/NR-507-FINAL-EXAM-2docx/
, In response to chronic hypoxemia, polycythemia may occur as the body generates additional red blood cells to increase the oxygen-carrying capacity of
the blood. REF: p. 1218
11. Diagnosis of primary hypertension in children is difficult because the early stages are often asymptomatic.
ANS: T
This study source was downloaded by 100000834306259 from CourseHero.com on 02-14-2022 05:45:49 GMT -06:00
https://www.coursehero.com/file/67345934/NR-507-FINAL-EXAM-2docx/
