Leadership & Behavioural Decision Making
1. Introduction to leadership
2. Traits & Behaviors theories of leadership
3. Charismatic leadership
4. Contextual & cultural theories of leadership
5. Improving the quality of organizational decisions
6. Social identity & followership
7. Introduction to behavioral decision-making
8. Organizational justice and decision-making
9. Decision-making in groups
10. Decision leadership
1
,Inhoudstafel
1 Introduction to leadership ........................................................................................... 6
1.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Leadership & leaders ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.2 Difference between a leader and manager................................................................................................. 6
1.1.3 Leaders: born or made? .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.4 Knowledge about leadership....................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Leader development ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.1 Leadership training...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2 Leadership development............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 Developing as a leader ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3 Mindful engagement model ................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Feedback .............................................................................................................................11
1.5 Challenge & support ............................................................................................................12
1.5.1 Practice 12
1.6 Key of introduction to leadership ........................................................................................12
2 Traits & behaviours ................................................................................................... 13
2.1 What are traits ....................................................................................................................13
2.1.1 History of trait research ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.1.2 List of traits associated with leadership .................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Personality dimensions .......................................................................................................14
2.2.1 Honesty-Humility ...................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Emotionally ............................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Extraversion .............................................................................................................................................. 15
2.2.4 Agreeableness ........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.5 Conscientiousness ..................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.6 Openness to experience ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.3 Intelligence .........................................................................................................................17
2.3.1 Too high on a desirable factor................................................................................................................... 17
2.4 Personal development ........................................................................................................18
2.5 Context ...............................................................................................................................18
2.5.1 Milgram’s experiment ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Behaviors ............................................................................................................................19
2.6.1 From traits to behaviors: integrated or process model ............................................................................ 19
2.6.2 Effective versus ineffective behaviors ....................................................................................................... 19
2.7 “Full range” leadership model .............................................................................................20
2.7.1 Transactional leadership ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.7.2 Instrumental leadership ............................................................................................................................ 22
2.7.3 Transformational leadership ..................................................................................................................... 23
2.7.4 Critisism of the full range topic ................................................................................................................. 24
2.8 Key of traits and behaviours ................................................................................................24
3 Charisma ................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 What is charisma? ...............................................................................................................25
3.1.1 Charisma in practice .................................................................................................................................. 25
3.2 Origins of charismatic leadership.........................................................................................25
2
,3.2.1 Contemporary origins of charismatic leadership ...................................................................................... 25
3.3 Charismatic leadership in management ...............................................................................26
3.3.1 A motivational theory of charisma ............................................................................................................ 26
3.4 CLTs – Charismatic leadership tactics ...................................................................................26
1. Stories and anecdotes ............................................................................................................................... 26
2. Metaphors and comparisons .................................................................................................................... 27
3. Contrasts ................................................................................................................................................... 27
4. Lists............................................................................................................................................................ 27
5. Repititions ................................................................................................................................................. 27
6. Rhetorical questions.................................................................................................................................. 28
7. Moral conviction ....................................................................................................................................... 28
8. Sentiments of the collective ...................................................................................................................... 28
9. Setting high and ambitious goals .............................................................................................................. 28
10. Confidence in the vision and goals ............................................................................................................ 29
11. Delivery (non-verbal) techniques .............................................................................................................. 29
3.5 Leader-follower distance .....................................................................................................29
3.6 Charisma across cultures .....................................................................................................30
3.7 Develop your charisma ........................................................................................................30
3.8 Key of charisma ...................................................................................................................30
4 Context & culture ...................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Context: Interactionist perspective......................................................................................31
4.2 Historical perspective on context ........................................................................................31
4.2.1 Contingency theory – Fiedler .................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.2 Situational leadership theory .................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.3 Subsitutes for leadership........................................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Context ...............................................................................................................................34
4.3.1 Contemporary perspective on context ..................................................................................................... 34
4.3.2 Leadership categorization theory ............................................................................................................. 34
4.4 Culture ................................................................................................................................35
4.4.1 Culture as a filtering mechanism ............................................................................................................... 35
4.5 Hofstede cultural values ......................................................................................................36
4.5.1 Power distance .......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.5.2 Individualism ............................................................................................................................................. 36
4.5.3 Masculinity ................................................................................................................................................ 36
4.5.4 Belgium 36
4.6 GLOBE: global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness ...................................37
4.7 Cross cultural differences in leadership behavior .................................................................37
4.8 Key of context & culture ......................................................................................................38
5 Improving the quality of organizational decisions ..................................................... 39
5.1 Evidence-Based Management .............................................................................................39
5.1.1 History of Evidence-Based practice (EBP) ................................................................................................. 39
5.1.2 Management and HR Evidence-Based management ................................................................................ 40
5.1.3 Criticism and controversies ....................................................................................................................... 42
5.1.4 3 likely key differences between EBP and what is already done .............................................................. 43
5.2 What is evidence-based practice .........................................................................................43
5.2.1 Definition................................................................................................................................................... 43
3
, 5.2.2 Steps of evidence-based management ..................................................................................................... 43
5.2.3 Critically appraising experiential evidence ................................................................................................ 45
5.2.4 Organizational data ................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.5 Critically appraising quantitative organizational data ............................................................................... 46
5.2.6 Scientific evidence ..................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.7 Stakeholder values and concerns – What stakeholders believe to be important ..................................... 46
5.3 Develop an evidence-based identity ....................................................................................47
5.3.1 Hallmark of an open mind ......................................................................................................................... 47
6 Social identity & Followership ................................................................................... 48
6.1 Social identity theory ..........................................................................................................48
6.1.1 Robbers Cave experiment (Sharif) - Intergroup conflict under limited resources .................................... 48
6.1.2 Identify and social identity ........................................................................................................................ 49
6.1.3 Social identity theory of leadership .......................................................................................................... 49
6.2 Followership .......................................................................................................................52
6.2.1 Basics – Operationalization ....................................................................................................................... 52
6.2.2 Why follow? .............................................................................................................................................. 53
6.2.3 Typologies (Kelley, Chaleff) ....................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.4 Bad followership ....................................................................................................................................... 54
6.2.5 Wise words ................................................................................................................................................ 55
6.3 Key of Social identity and followership ................................................................................55
7 Introduction to behavioral decision-making .............................................................. 56
7.1 Brief History ........................................................................................................................56
7.1.1 Why study ‘Econs’ ..................................................................................................................................... 57
7.2 Main concepts .....................................................................................................................58
7.2.1 Behavioral Decision-Making ...................................................................................................................... 58
7.2.2 Prospect theory: the value function.......................................................................................................... 59
7.3 Findings...............................................................................................................................60
8 Organizational justice and decision-making .............................................................. 60
8.1 Emotion ..............................................................................................................................60
8.1.1 Valence 61
8.1.2 Intensity .................................................................................................................................................... 61
8.1.3 Duration .................................................................................................................................................... 61
8.1.4 Forecasting versus experiencing ............................................................................................................... 62
8.2 Cognitive dissonance ...........................................................................................................62
8.2.1 Zappos – online company ......................................................................................................................... 62
8.2.2 Upside and downside to cognitive dissonance ......................................................................................... 62
8.2.3 Willpower .................................................................................................................................................. 62
8.2.4 Prisoner’s dilemma: cooperation versus defection................................................................................... 62
8.2.5 Channel factors: the name of the game .................................................................................................... 63
9 Decision making in groups ........................................................................................ 64
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................64
9.2 Origins of justice and morality .............................................................................................64
9.2.1 What is evolutionary unique to humans? ................................................................................................. 64
9.2.2 How do we successfully cooperate with strangers? ................................................................................. 65
9.3 Understanding fairness in the workplace.............................................................................65
9.3.1 Normative approach: Rationalism ............................................................................................................ 65
9.3.2 Descriptive approach: Empiricism ............................................................................................................. 65
4
1. Introduction to leadership
2. Traits & Behaviors theories of leadership
3. Charismatic leadership
4. Contextual & cultural theories of leadership
5. Improving the quality of organizational decisions
6. Social identity & followership
7. Introduction to behavioral decision-making
8. Organizational justice and decision-making
9. Decision-making in groups
10. Decision leadership
1
,Inhoudstafel
1 Introduction to leadership ........................................................................................... 6
1.1 Definitions ........................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.1 Leadership & leaders ................................................................................................................................... 6
1.1.2 Difference between a leader and manager................................................................................................. 6
1.1.3 Leaders: born or made? .............................................................................................................................. 6
1.1.4 Knowledge about leadership....................................................................................................................... 6
1.2 Leader development ............................................................................................................ 7
1.2.1 Leadership training...................................................................................................................................... 7
1.2.2 Leadership development............................................................................................................................. 7
1.2.3 Developing as a leader ................................................................................................................................ 7
1.3 Mindful engagement model ................................................................................................. 8
1.4 Feedback .............................................................................................................................11
1.5 Challenge & support ............................................................................................................12
1.5.1 Practice 12
1.6 Key of introduction to leadership ........................................................................................12
2 Traits & behaviours ................................................................................................... 13
2.1 What are traits ....................................................................................................................13
2.1.1 History of trait research ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.1.2 List of traits associated with leadership .................................................................................................... 14
2.2 Personality dimensions .......................................................................................................14
2.2.1 Honesty-Humility ...................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.2 Emotionally ............................................................................................................................................... 15
2.2.3 Extraversion .............................................................................................................................................. 15
2.2.4 Agreeableness ........................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.5 Conscientiousness ..................................................................................................................................... 16
2.2.6 Openness to experience ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.3 Intelligence .........................................................................................................................17
2.3.1 Too high on a desirable factor................................................................................................................... 17
2.4 Personal development ........................................................................................................18
2.5 Context ...............................................................................................................................18
2.5.1 Milgram’s experiment ............................................................................................................................... 19
2.6 Behaviors ............................................................................................................................19
2.6.1 From traits to behaviors: integrated or process model ............................................................................ 19
2.6.2 Effective versus ineffective behaviors ....................................................................................................... 19
2.7 “Full range” leadership model .............................................................................................20
2.7.1 Transactional leadership ........................................................................................................................... 20
2.7.2 Instrumental leadership ............................................................................................................................ 22
2.7.3 Transformational leadership ..................................................................................................................... 23
2.7.4 Critisism of the full range topic ................................................................................................................. 24
2.8 Key of traits and behaviours ................................................................................................24
3 Charisma ................................................................................................................... 25
3.1 What is charisma? ...............................................................................................................25
3.1.1 Charisma in practice .................................................................................................................................. 25
3.2 Origins of charismatic leadership.........................................................................................25
2
,3.2.1 Contemporary origins of charismatic leadership ...................................................................................... 25
3.3 Charismatic leadership in management ...............................................................................26
3.3.1 A motivational theory of charisma ............................................................................................................ 26
3.4 CLTs – Charismatic leadership tactics ...................................................................................26
1. Stories and anecdotes ............................................................................................................................... 26
2. Metaphors and comparisons .................................................................................................................... 27
3. Contrasts ................................................................................................................................................... 27
4. Lists............................................................................................................................................................ 27
5. Repititions ................................................................................................................................................. 27
6. Rhetorical questions.................................................................................................................................. 28
7. Moral conviction ....................................................................................................................................... 28
8. Sentiments of the collective ...................................................................................................................... 28
9. Setting high and ambitious goals .............................................................................................................. 28
10. Confidence in the vision and goals ............................................................................................................ 29
11. Delivery (non-verbal) techniques .............................................................................................................. 29
3.5 Leader-follower distance .....................................................................................................29
3.6 Charisma across cultures .....................................................................................................30
3.7 Develop your charisma ........................................................................................................30
3.8 Key of charisma ...................................................................................................................30
4 Context & culture ...................................................................................................... 31
4.1 Context: Interactionist perspective......................................................................................31
4.2 Historical perspective on context ........................................................................................31
4.2.1 Contingency theory – Fiedler .................................................................................................................... 31
4.2.2 Situational leadership theory .................................................................................................................... 32
4.2.3 Subsitutes for leadership........................................................................................................................... 33
4.3 Context ...............................................................................................................................34
4.3.1 Contemporary perspective on context ..................................................................................................... 34
4.3.2 Leadership categorization theory ............................................................................................................. 34
4.4 Culture ................................................................................................................................35
4.4.1 Culture as a filtering mechanism ............................................................................................................... 35
4.5 Hofstede cultural values ......................................................................................................36
4.5.1 Power distance .......................................................................................................................................... 36
4.5.2 Individualism ............................................................................................................................................. 36
4.5.3 Masculinity ................................................................................................................................................ 36
4.5.4 Belgium 36
4.6 GLOBE: global leadership and organizational behavior effectiveness ...................................37
4.7 Cross cultural differences in leadership behavior .................................................................37
4.8 Key of context & culture ......................................................................................................38
5 Improving the quality of organizational decisions ..................................................... 39
5.1 Evidence-Based Management .............................................................................................39
5.1.1 History of Evidence-Based practice (EBP) ................................................................................................. 39
5.1.2 Management and HR Evidence-Based management ................................................................................ 40
5.1.3 Criticism and controversies ....................................................................................................................... 42
5.1.4 3 likely key differences between EBP and what is already done .............................................................. 43
5.2 What is evidence-based practice .........................................................................................43
5.2.1 Definition................................................................................................................................................... 43
3
, 5.2.2 Steps of evidence-based management ..................................................................................................... 43
5.2.3 Critically appraising experiential evidence ................................................................................................ 45
5.2.4 Organizational data ................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.5 Critically appraising quantitative organizational data ............................................................................... 46
5.2.6 Scientific evidence ..................................................................................................................................... 46
5.2.7 Stakeholder values and concerns – What stakeholders believe to be important ..................................... 46
5.3 Develop an evidence-based identity ....................................................................................47
5.3.1 Hallmark of an open mind ......................................................................................................................... 47
6 Social identity & Followership ................................................................................... 48
6.1 Social identity theory ..........................................................................................................48
6.1.1 Robbers Cave experiment (Sharif) - Intergroup conflict under limited resources .................................... 48
6.1.2 Identify and social identity ........................................................................................................................ 49
6.1.3 Social identity theory of leadership .......................................................................................................... 49
6.2 Followership .......................................................................................................................52
6.2.1 Basics – Operationalization ....................................................................................................................... 52
6.2.2 Why follow? .............................................................................................................................................. 53
6.2.3 Typologies (Kelley, Chaleff) ....................................................................................................................... 53
6.2.4 Bad followership ....................................................................................................................................... 54
6.2.5 Wise words ................................................................................................................................................ 55
6.3 Key of Social identity and followership ................................................................................55
7 Introduction to behavioral decision-making .............................................................. 56
7.1 Brief History ........................................................................................................................56
7.1.1 Why study ‘Econs’ ..................................................................................................................................... 57
7.2 Main concepts .....................................................................................................................58
7.2.1 Behavioral Decision-Making ...................................................................................................................... 58
7.2.2 Prospect theory: the value function.......................................................................................................... 59
7.3 Findings...............................................................................................................................60
8 Organizational justice and decision-making .............................................................. 60
8.1 Emotion ..............................................................................................................................60
8.1.1 Valence 61
8.1.2 Intensity .................................................................................................................................................... 61
8.1.3 Duration .................................................................................................................................................... 61
8.1.4 Forecasting versus experiencing ............................................................................................................... 62
8.2 Cognitive dissonance ...........................................................................................................62
8.2.1 Zappos – online company ......................................................................................................................... 62
8.2.2 Upside and downside to cognitive dissonance ......................................................................................... 62
8.2.3 Willpower .................................................................................................................................................. 62
8.2.4 Prisoner’s dilemma: cooperation versus defection................................................................................... 62
8.2.5 Channel factors: the name of the game .................................................................................................... 63
9 Decision making in groups ........................................................................................ 64
9.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................64
9.2 Origins of justice and morality .............................................................................................64
9.2.1 What is evolutionary unique to humans? ................................................................................................. 64
9.2.2 How do we successfully cooperate with strangers? ................................................................................. 65
9.3 Understanding fairness in the workplace.............................................................................65
9.3.1 Normative approach: Rationalism ............................................................................................................ 65
9.3.2 Descriptive approach: Empiricism ............................................................................................................. 65
4
