LIGHT AND SOUND
Theory
Specific objectives
By the end of the topic, the trainee should be able to:
a. state and explain laws of reflection and refraction of light.
b. explain refraction of light through various media.
c. determine refractive indices of various media.
d. locate images formed by mirrors and lenses.
e. determine power magnification of lenses and magnification power of instruments.
f. explain the principle of operation of optical instruments.
g. explain polarization of light and its applications.
h. explain propagation of sound and its properties.
i. explain sound levels, their measurement, effects and application to noise and noise
pollution.
Competence
The trainee should have the ability to perform various experiments involving light and sound.
Content
1. Laws of reflection and refraction of light
2. Refraction of light through various media
• triangular prisms
• rectangular prisms
• fluids
• convex and concave prisms
3. Refractive indices of various media
• liquids
• solids (glass)
• gases (air)
4. Locating images formed by mirrors and lenses
• convex lenses
• concave lenses
• plane mirrors
• curved mirrors
1
,5. Power magnification of a lens and the magnification power of instruments
• lenses
• microscopes
• projectors
• binoculars
• periscopes
• telescope
6. Principle of operation of optical instruments
• lens: lens formula
• microscopes
• telescopes
• projectors
• periscopes
• binoculars
7. Polarization of light and its applications
• glare reduction
• photo elasticity
• Application of polarized light
• Projecting images
• Projecting light
• Safety in use of polarized light
8. Propagation and properties of sound
• media
• air
• solids
• liquids
• refraction
• diffraction
• absorption
• interference
9. Sound levels
• measurement
• sound intensity
2
, • sound pressure levels
• effects
• media effects
• noise pollution
• noise reduction
• mufflers
• dampers
• acoustics
• ship whistle
Practice
Specific objectives
By the end of the topic, the trainee should be able to:
a. perform an experiment to calculate the velocity of sound
b. perform experiments to measure sound levels.
Content
1. Velocity of sound
• Echo method
2. Sound levels
Introduction
There are three ways in which light can travel from a source to another location. It can come
directly from the source through empty space, such as from the Sun to Earth. Or light can
3
Theory
Specific objectives
By the end of the topic, the trainee should be able to:
a. state and explain laws of reflection and refraction of light.
b. explain refraction of light through various media.
c. determine refractive indices of various media.
d. locate images formed by mirrors and lenses.
e. determine power magnification of lenses and magnification power of instruments.
f. explain the principle of operation of optical instruments.
g. explain polarization of light and its applications.
h. explain propagation of sound and its properties.
i. explain sound levels, their measurement, effects and application to noise and noise
pollution.
Competence
The trainee should have the ability to perform various experiments involving light and sound.
Content
1. Laws of reflection and refraction of light
2. Refraction of light through various media
• triangular prisms
• rectangular prisms
• fluids
• convex and concave prisms
3. Refractive indices of various media
• liquids
• solids (glass)
• gases (air)
4. Locating images formed by mirrors and lenses
• convex lenses
• concave lenses
• plane mirrors
• curved mirrors
1
,5. Power magnification of a lens and the magnification power of instruments
• lenses
• microscopes
• projectors
• binoculars
• periscopes
• telescope
6. Principle of operation of optical instruments
• lens: lens formula
• microscopes
• telescopes
• projectors
• periscopes
• binoculars
7. Polarization of light and its applications
• glare reduction
• photo elasticity
• Application of polarized light
• Projecting images
• Projecting light
• Safety in use of polarized light
8. Propagation and properties of sound
• media
• air
• solids
• liquids
• refraction
• diffraction
• absorption
• interference
9. Sound levels
• measurement
• sound intensity
2
, • sound pressure levels
• effects
• media effects
• noise pollution
• noise reduction
• mufflers
• dampers
• acoustics
• ship whistle
Practice
Specific objectives
By the end of the topic, the trainee should be able to:
a. perform an experiment to calculate the velocity of sound
b. perform experiments to measure sound levels.
Content
1. Velocity of sound
• Echo method
2. Sound levels
Introduction
There are three ways in which light can travel from a source to another location. It can come
directly from the source through empty space, such as from the Sun to Earth. Or light can
3
