Med Surg II Test 5
Where is sodium most abundant in the cell
Extracellular fluid
Where is potassium most abundant in the cell
Intracellular
What is Interstitial fluids
Fluid between the cells and blood vessels (ex. Tissues)
Increased production of this hormone causes sodium retention (and water
retention, because where sodium goes water follows) and potassium loss (Ex.
Corticosteroids)
Aldosterone
Phosphate and _______________ have a inverse relationship
Calcium
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is synthesized where
in the ventricles of the heart
When BNP is elevated what could they be diagnosed with
Congestive Heart Failure
What type of symptoms will a patient have with Congestive Heart Failure
JVD and crackles in the lungs
BNP lab level
Less than 100
Urine Specific Gravity lab level
1.010-1.030
If the urine specific gravity is less than 1.010 what are the characteristics of the
urine
Concentrated, dark amber colored, and odor
If the urine specific gravity is more than 1.030 what are the characteristics of the
urine
Diluted
BUN lab levels
8-25
Creatinine lab level
0.6-1.3
End product of muscle metabolism, better indicator of renal impairment than
BUN, and shows us glomerular filtration
Creatinine
Hypovolemia
fluid volume deficit where there is a low volume of extracellular fluid
What is the first sign of Hypovolemia
thirst
Hypervolemia
fluid volume excess, high water content in the intravascular compartment
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypervolemia
Crackles when auscultating and JVD
What type of treatment will the patient receive that has Hypervolemia
, Sodium restriction and diuretics
Third Spacing
Translocation of fluid from the intravascular or intercellular space to tissue compartment
What may a client with third spacing have
hypoalbuminemia
How is third spacing treated
Eliminate trapped fluid by administering IV fluid at rapid rates (albumin)
Albumin lab level
3.4-5
Hyponatremia
serum level <135 meq, low sodium
Symptoms of Hyponatremia
Lethargy, confusion, muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, muscle twitching, and seizures
If on lithium and adding salt to diet to treat Hyponatremia what can that cause
toxicity
Hypernatremia
>145 meq, high sodium
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Thirst, Dry, sticky mucous membranes, Decreased urinary output, Lethargy progresses
to coma, Fever, Rough, dry tongue
How does the body try to correct the increase of sodium (Hypernatremia)
by water reabsorption
Sodium lab level
135-145
Potassium lab level
3.5-5.1
What is Hypokalemia caused from
we have a lot of Potassium in our stomach, therefore excessive GI losses from vomiting
& gastric suction. Also, IV insulin and glucose.
Symptoms of Hypokalemia
Cardiac dysrhythmias (show U waves)
How is Hypokalemia treated
Oral or IV potassium replacement
What does a bag of potassium have written on the solution bag
D5NSc20meq
If patient is on potassium what will a patient be put on
Telemetry
How many IV will the patient have when put on potassium
2 IV
What type of Foods contain Potassium
Fruits (raisins, bananas, apricots, oranges), Vegetables, Legumes, Whole grain, Milk,
meat
What causes Hyperkalemia
Renal Failure (#1 Reason) and Burns (cell is bursting where the skin is burned)
What can alter a potassium level
Where is sodium most abundant in the cell
Extracellular fluid
Where is potassium most abundant in the cell
Intracellular
What is Interstitial fluids
Fluid between the cells and blood vessels (ex. Tissues)
Increased production of this hormone causes sodium retention (and water
retention, because where sodium goes water follows) and potassium loss (Ex.
Corticosteroids)
Aldosterone
Phosphate and _______________ have a inverse relationship
Calcium
Brain Natriuretic Peptide (BNP) is synthesized where
in the ventricles of the heart
When BNP is elevated what could they be diagnosed with
Congestive Heart Failure
What type of symptoms will a patient have with Congestive Heart Failure
JVD and crackles in the lungs
BNP lab level
Less than 100
Urine Specific Gravity lab level
1.010-1.030
If the urine specific gravity is less than 1.010 what are the characteristics of the
urine
Concentrated, dark amber colored, and odor
If the urine specific gravity is more than 1.030 what are the characteristics of the
urine
Diluted
BUN lab levels
8-25
Creatinine lab level
0.6-1.3
End product of muscle metabolism, better indicator of renal impairment than
BUN, and shows us glomerular filtration
Creatinine
Hypovolemia
fluid volume deficit where there is a low volume of extracellular fluid
What is the first sign of Hypovolemia
thirst
Hypervolemia
fluid volume excess, high water content in the intravascular compartment
What are the signs and symptoms of Hypervolemia
Crackles when auscultating and JVD
What type of treatment will the patient receive that has Hypervolemia
, Sodium restriction and diuretics
Third Spacing
Translocation of fluid from the intravascular or intercellular space to tissue compartment
What may a client with third spacing have
hypoalbuminemia
How is third spacing treated
Eliminate trapped fluid by administering IV fluid at rapid rates (albumin)
Albumin lab level
3.4-5
Hyponatremia
serum level <135 meq, low sodium
Symptoms of Hyponatremia
Lethargy, confusion, muscle cramps, abdominal cramps, muscle twitching, and seizures
If on lithium and adding salt to diet to treat Hyponatremia what can that cause
toxicity
Hypernatremia
>145 meq, high sodium
Symptoms of Hypernatremia
Thirst, Dry, sticky mucous membranes, Decreased urinary output, Lethargy progresses
to coma, Fever, Rough, dry tongue
How does the body try to correct the increase of sodium (Hypernatremia)
by water reabsorption
Sodium lab level
135-145
Potassium lab level
3.5-5.1
What is Hypokalemia caused from
we have a lot of Potassium in our stomach, therefore excessive GI losses from vomiting
& gastric suction. Also, IV insulin and glucose.
Symptoms of Hypokalemia
Cardiac dysrhythmias (show U waves)
How is Hypokalemia treated
Oral or IV potassium replacement
What does a bag of potassium have written on the solution bag
D5NSc20meq
If patient is on potassium what will a patient be put on
Telemetry
How many IV will the patient have when put on potassium
2 IV
What type of Foods contain Potassium
Fruits (raisins, bananas, apricots, oranges), Vegetables, Legumes, Whole grain, Milk,
meat
What causes Hyperkalemia
Renal Failure (#1 Reason) and Burns (cell is bursting where the skin is burned)
What can alter a potassium level
