PHIL MISC Sophia final Milestone (TOP SCORE) Complete Questions & Answers Exam (elaborations)

PHIL MISC Sophia final Milestone (TOP SCORE) Complete Questions & Answers Exam (elaborations) PHI 2000 Introduction to Ethics Final Exam Sophia / PHI ETHICS Sophia final Milestone 1 "Capital punishment is morally wrong because it turns all the state's citizens into killers." To which theory of ethics is the person who made this statement likely appealing? • Kantian deontology • Virtue-based ethics • Utilitarianism • Conventionalism CONCEPT Case Study: Capital Punishment 2 Which of the following statements is true of ethics? • Ethics is not subject to the same level of rigor as other philosophical pursuits. • Objectivity is vital to ethical thought. • Ethical principles are just personal opinions. • Ethical behavior has little to do with interpersonal interaction. CONCEPT Introduction to Philosophical Ethics 3 Which of the following statements supports egoism? • The rule of law motivates actions for individuals. • A flourishing society requires flourishing individuals. • A society is more just if it enforces laws for the benefit of everyone. • Ethical standards are easily upheld when they benefit others. CONCEPT Support for Egoism 4 Which of the following scenarios would be impermissible for an egoist? • Keith gives up the comfort of home to realize his dream of playing in the NBA. • Krysta has some time to kill, so she sits in the mall and watches people go by. • Katie picks up litter on the street because she wants to live in a clean neighborhood. • Kevin works late, even though he doesn't get paid and has nothing to gain from it. CONCEPT Commitments of Egoism 5 Which of the following statements about divine command theory is true? • Divine command theory states that what is religious is inherently good and what isn't is bad. • Divine command theory is a basic principle of all religions. • Divine command theory states that right is right only because God says so. • Divine command theory states that the ends justify the means. CONCEPT Divine Command Theory 6 Jerome conducts a survey to see how many of his neighbors believe they have a moral duty to report suspicious activity to the police. He finds that 8 in 10 believe they have such a duty. Which branch of ethics do the results of Jerome's survey represent? • Metaethics • Normative ethics • Descriptive ethics CONCEPT Branches of Ethics 7 The ethical position that evaluates the morality of an action solely on the results of that action is __________. • deontology • character ethics • consequentialism • divine command theory CONCEPT Different Considerations for Evaluating Actions 8 Which of the following is a benefit of philosophy? • Philosophy defends what is traditional in society. • Philosophy is useful as a tool to justify personal opinions. • Philosophy improves understanding of argumentation. • Philosophy maintains society's collective memory. CONCEPT Benefits of Philosophy and Ethics 9 Susan is studying the morality of taking terminally ill patients off life support. After thorough research and consideration of many different views, she argues that doctors have a moral obligation to use whatever means are available to preserve a patient's life. Which step of philosophical inquiry has Susan done? • Advance a thesis and justification • Identify positions on the question • Evaluate positions • Specify your question CONCEPT The Philosophical Approach to Inquiry 10 Which of the following represents a potential problem for Kantian deontology? • A person can justify any action based on its consequences. • A person can get away with doing harm if he or she isn't caught. • A person can't use feelings to help guide his or her reasoning. • A person can get away with doing harm if it's culturally accepted. CONCEPT Problems with Kantian Deontology 11 Which of the following critiques represents a challenge to virtue-based ethics? • An agent's ignorance makes it too easy to get away with bad results. • Two people might disagree on whether something is a virtue. • Not enough attention is given to self-improvement. • Everyone isn't governed by the same moral norms. CONCEPT Problems with Virtue-Based Ethics 12 Which of the following represents rule utilitarianism? • Odessa saves a drowning man because she knows his family needs him in order to be happy. • Opal grows lots of plants and flowers to help offset her carbon footprint. • Oswald gives 10% of his income to charity because giving to charity generally brings about greater good. • Omar breaks into a large store because he needs food and the store's loss will be insignificant. CONCEPT Act and Rule Utilitarianism 13 Which of the following represents a difficulty with egoism? • Egoism maximizes each individual's pleasure, which is something everyone wants. • Egoism is a core part of human nature, so denying it is denying someone's humanity. • Egoism does not allow the egoist to evaluate others based on his or her perspective. • Socially determined actions are usually more successful than self-determined actions. CONCEPT Problems with Egoism 14 Which of the following is an argument? • If I go to Washington D.C. next weekend, then I'll get you a souvenir. • Janet studies every day and takes notes in class. She will probably do well in the class for that reason. • Not getting enough sleep on a regular basis is a problem for many adults. • I begin my day with a one-mile run, a shower, and a healthy breakfast. CONCEPT Introduction to Arguments 15