Chapter 13 Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS,100% CORRECT

Chapter 13 Human Development A Lifespan View 1ALL POSSIBLE TEST AND ESSAY ANSWERS TRUE/FALSE 1 : Use of calcium supplements may delay the onset of osteoporosis after menopause. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 2 : Rheumatoid arthritis develops quickly but can be cured with nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 3 : Headaches and rapid heart rate are common physical symptoms of menopause. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 4 : The most common form of HRT involves low doses of estrogen and testosterone. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 5 : During midlife, the prostate gland of males can enlarge and block the urinary tract. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 6 : Culture appears to play no role in how people perceive stress. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 7 : Stress can trigger negative conditions like angina and arrhythmia. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 8 : Stress is a transactional process between a person and the environment. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 9 : Avoidant thinking involves rationalizing or reframing a problem to minimize its seriousness. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 10 : The mechanics of intelligence are most closely associated with sociocultural forces. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 11 : Experts are always faster and use more rules than novices. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 12 : Most adults are motivated to learn by external factors. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 13 : An individual high in extroversion will go out of their way to avoid interacting with others. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 14 : Costa and McCrae argue that personality traits undergo significant changes between young and old adulthood. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 15 : Erikson viewed the key crisis of midlife as one of stagnation versus generativity. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 16 : There is significant research support for the idea of a midlife crisis. A : true B : false Correct Answer : B 17 : Kinkeepers help keep family members in touch. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 18 : Someone high in filial obligation feels responsible for the care of their parents. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 19 : Caring for a parent typically coincides with womens peak employment years. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A 20 : Most people become grandparents in their forties and fifties. A : true B : false Correct Answer : A MULTIPLE CHOICE 21 : Fifty-year-old Esmeralda has been a heavy smoker since her youth. In addition, she lives in a sunny climate and always has a deep tan. You would expect that she has than most other people her age. A : more gray hair B : a larger middle-aged bulge C : more wrinkles D : less hair Correct Answer : C 22 : The metabolic slowdown common to individuals in their early 30s and mid-50s will lead to in many males. A : gray hair B : a middle-aged bulge C : wrinkles D : hair loss Correct Answer : B 23 : As Dr. Benton is looking at an X-ray of bones in 20-year-old Jamess leg, his comment, , would indicate that James has reached skeletal maturity. A : I see that this is the longest your leg bone will ever be B : I see excessive encapsulation C : I see a significant decrease in density D : I see very little plaque Correct Answer : A 24 : Who is at the greatest risk of currently experiencing osteoporosis? A : Martha, who is a 20-year-old female B : George, who is a 30-year-old male C : Mary, who is a 60-year-old female D : Abe, who is a 70-year-old male Correct Answer : C 25 : Forty-five-year-old Marilyn, who is very concerned about osteoporosis, seeks medical advice from her physician. Which advice would her physician be LEAST likely to give? A : Lets try increasing your alcohol consumption. B : Lets try increasing your estrogen level. C : Lets try increasing your exercise rate. D : Lets try increasing your calcium consumption. Correct Answer : A 26 : The rate of osteoporosis is directly affected by the metabolism rate of vitamin . A : A. B : B. C : C. D : D. Correct Answer : D 27 : Connie is a knowledgeable individual, so when her physician tells her that she will be put on a biophosphonate, Connie realizes that she MOST likely has: A : menopause. B : high blood pressure. C : cancer. D : osteoporosis. Correct Answer : D 28 : Sixty-year-old Wendell is being examined by his physician. Wendells symptoms include joint pain that has gradually increased. When his doctor says, Your pain is due to the damage to your cartilage caused by severe use over your lifetime, you should correctly conclude that Wendell will be diagnosed with: A : the climacteric. B : rheumatoid arthritis. C : osteoporosis. D : osteoarthritis. Correct Answer : D 29 : Misha often experiences severe swelling and joint pain in her fingers and wrists each morning. This pattern of symptoms is MOST likely due to: A : rheumatoid arthritis. B : osteoarthritis. C : the climacteric. D : osteoporosis. Correct Answer : A 30 : One difference between osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis is that: A : osteoarthritis is not painful. B : osteoarthritis typically occurs in adolescence. C : there is more swelling of the joints in rheumatoid arthritis. D : women are more likely to be affected by rheumatoid arthritis. Correct Answer : C 31 : Which statement concerning rheumatoid arthritis is TRUE? A : Individuals with rheumatoid arthritis need to avoid aspirin. B : Rheumatoid arthritis is inherited. C : Symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis come and go. D : Rheumatoid arthritis affects large joints (e.g., hips) but not small joints (e.g., fingers). Correct Answer : C 32 : The defining element of the climacteric involves the loss of: A : the natural ability to produce children. B : cancer-fighting agents. C : emotional stability. D : blood flow through the circulatory system. Correct Answer : A 33 : While at a checkup, 40-year-old Betty listens as her physician, Dr. White, describes Bettys current health. Which of Dr. Whites statements would suggest that Betty is experiencing the climacteric? A : Do genetic disorders run in your family? B : I hope that you have all the children you want. C : The loss of memory will be slow but significant. D : Some of your blood cells have begun to alter their shape. Correct Answer : B 34 : As women reach the climacteric, their menstrual cycles: A : continue regularly for the remainder of their lives. B : become irregular, and gradually stop altogether. C : become more and more irregular, but they never completely stop. D : stop all at once. Correct Answer : B 35 : How are menopause and the climacteric related? A : Menopause typically ends right before the climacteric. B : The climacteric typically ends right before menopause. C : Menopause occurs during the climacteric. D : Menopause and the climacteric are unrelated. Correct Answer : C 36 : Shelly is a 46-year-old woman whose menstrual cycle has changed and is now more irregular and infrequent. Which term BEST describes Shellys condition? A : Menopause B : Midlife crisis C : Perimenopause D : Encapsulated Correct Answer : C 37 : Which of these are hormonal-related symptoms of menopause? A : Poor respiration and hot flashes B : Hot flashes and vaginal dryness C : Vaginal dryness and joint stiffness D : Joint stiffness and poor respiration Correct Answer : B 38 : The primary reason that elderly women show a decline in sexual activity involves: A : a normal physiological lack of interest. B : failure to achieve orgasm. C : the lack of a willing or appropriate partner. D : pain associated with vaginal changes. Correct Answer : C 39 : Serina is looking forward to menopause and aging. Based on this information, what is Serinas ethnic background? A : Asian B : Middle Eastern C : European American D : Mayan Correct Answer : D 40 : Queen Mary is being treated with MHT by her gynecologist. Which of these is she MOST likely taking? A : Oxytocin B : Testosterone C : Estrogen D : Androgen Correct Answer : C 41 : Yasmin is told that she will be taking selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). What medical condition is MOST likely being treated? A : High blood pressure B : Menopause C : Breast cancer D : Rheumatoid arthritis Correct Answer : B 42 : Tom has always wanted to be a father, but has not yet found an acceptable partner. He is now 35 years old, healthy, and beginning to be concerned about how much longer he will remain fertile. When he asks his doctor about this, his doctor tells him that he will probably be capable of fathering a child: A : until he is about 45 years old. B : until he is about 65 years old. C : until he is about 85 years old. D : for the rest of his life. Correct Answer : D 43 : Some males experience an age-related decline in production, resulting in menopause- like symptoms. A : testosterone B : dopamine C : estrogen D : progestin Correct Answer : A 44 : As a typical middle-aged male, Rasheed will MOST likely experience: A : a brief increase in sperm production. B : a shorter resolution phase. C : a prostate gland that becomes enlarged. D : more perceived demand to ejaculate. Correct Answer : C 45 : The loss of an available partner in older age: A : is a factor in the decrease in sexual intercourse for both men and women. B : is a factor in the decrease in sexual intercourse for men, but not for women. C : is a factor in the decrease in sexual intercourse for women, but not for men. D : is not a factor in the decrease in sexual intercourse for men or women. Correct Answer : A 46 : Compared to the average middle-aged man, the average middle-aged woman tends to rate stressful experiences: A : less negatively and to report more stress in family areas. B : more negatively and to report more stress in family areas. C : less negatively and to report more stress in financial areas. D : more negatively and to report more stress in financial areas. Correct Answer : B 47 : The stress and coping paradigm focuses on the interactive relationship between: A : a person and an event. B : mind and body. C : hormones and neurotransmitters. D : family and work. Correct Answer : A 48 : Analyzing how a person thinks about her job and how that job situation ends up affecting the individual both psychologically and physically would be an example of an application of the: A : encapsulation pattern. B : Type A behavior pattern. C : stress and coping paradigm. D : generativity versus stagnation paradigm. Correct Answer : C 49 : Joy reads a note on her desk that says, Joy, come to my office immediately. Signed, The Boss. Joy immediately interprets this message as a threat to her job and her livelihood and is not sure she can deal with it. Joys interpretation of this note exemplifies: A : coping. B : an appraisal. C : stagnation. D : filial obligation. Correct Answer : B 50 : Coping is defined as any: A : attempt to deal with stress. B : attempt to deal with stress that is repeated on at least two occasions. C : rational attempt to deal with stress. D : successful attempt to deal with stress. Correct Answer : A 51 : Heather is experiencing a great deal of stress. She has tried relaxation training, thinking about life events in a different way, and even talking to her friends. All of these strategies are BEST classified as attempts at: A : repression. B : coping. C : stagnation. D : appraisal. Correct Answer : B 52 : Tabitha just had a conversation with her boss in which he told her that there would be some future layoffs due to budget cuts. Tabitha feels an increase in stress due to the conversation with her boss. She would be best described as experiencing: A : primary appraisal. B : secondary appraisal. C : reappraisal. D : post-appraisal. Correct Answer : A 53 : What is the name for the process one experiences when evaluating ones own ability to cope with a challenge? A : Post-appraisal B : Secondary appraisal C : Primary appraisal D : Reappraisal Correct Answer : B 54 : Stacy has lost her wallet with all of her cash, credit cards, and identification in it. She asks herself, What can I do about this? Stacy is in the process. A : reappraisal B : secondary appraisal C : post-appraisal D : primary appraisal Correct Answer : B 55 : Jen has heard that Ben is cheating on her, but does not believe it. However, after being shown pictures of Ben interacting romantically with another woman, Jen allows herself to express anger and frustration over Bens cheating. Jen is experiencing: A : emotion-focused coping. B : post-menopausal mood swings. C : an unhealthy coping reaction to stress. D : secondary mindfulness-based stress reduction. Correct Answer : A 56 : Sylvester is extremely anxious about an upcoming physics exam. He cancels his plans with his friends and stays home to study an extra day. Sylvester is practicing: A : emotion-focused coping. B : appraisal. C : mindfulness-based stress reduction. D : problem-focused coping. Correct Answer : D 57 : Yoga and meditation are examples of: A : aerobic exercise. B : primary appraisal. C : mindfulness-based stress reduction. D : secondary appraisal. Correct Answer : C 58 : After being robbed at gunpoint at night, Chelsea is anxious and is afraid to leave her house after dark. Chelsea is experiencing symptoms of: A : depression. B : post-traumatic stress disorder. C : stress reduction. D : cardiovascular disease. Correct Answer : B 59 : Exercise: A : is not related to physical health. B : can significantly slow the aging process. C : is beneficial to health but does not affect the aging process. D : should be avoided by people over 50 years old. Correct Answer : B 60 : Aerobic exercise is defined as a pulse rate between percent of a persons maximum rate. A : 4070 B : 5080 C : 6090 D : 70100 Correct Answer : C 61 : A persons maximum heart rate is calculated by subtracting their age from: A : 100 B : 160 C : 220 D : 280 Correct Answer : C 62 : Max engages in regular aerobic exercise. Relative to those who do not exercise, Max is likely to: A : be more depressed. B : function better cognitively. C : show inhibited oxygen consumption. D : have higher blood pressure. Correct Answer : B 63 : intelligence is defined as involving the skills and knowledge necessary for adapting to ones physical and social environment. A : Fluid B : Traditional C : Practical D : Unexercised Correct Answer : C 64 : Though Elsa does not score particularly high on traditional intelligence tests, she is very good at understanding income tax forms, can deal well with all different kinds of people, and is a good troubleshooter around the home and office. Elsa exhibits: A : concrete thinking. B : fluid intelligence. C : high unexercised ability. D : practical intelligence. Correct Answer : D 65 : Dr. Zorba is giving 44-year-old Annette an intelligence test. Annette finds that she really likes answering the questions because they seem to be based on her life experiences. Dr. Zorba is most likely attempting to assess Annettes: A : practical intelligence. B : generativity. C : ego resilience. D : fluid intelligence. Correct Answer : A 66 : Which is the BEST example of a measure of practical intelligence? A : The MMPI B : The Stanford-Binet C : Knowing how to balance a checkbook D : Knowing the square root of every number less than 100 Correct Answer : C 67 : Which statement is TRUE about real-life problems? A : People are not motivated to solve them. B : Personal experience is irrelevant. C : They have more than one correct answer. D : They are very similar to traditional tests of intelligence. Correct Answer : C 68 : Angelina is upset with the lack of manners her husband Brad displays while eating, so she looks away or leaves the table each time her husband behaves this way. Dharmas response is BEST classified as: A : a cognitive analysis. B : passive-dependent. C : avoidant thinking. D : problem-focused action. Correct Answer : B 69 : When confronted with a problem in his relationship with his wife, Frank scoffs it off, saying Ahhh, thats not really an issue...it will work itself out. This is probably BEST classified as: A : cognitive analysis. B : avoidant thinking. C : passive-dependent behavior. D : problem-focused action. Correct Answer : B 70 : McGuyver, a middle-aged history teacher, is trapped in his classroom room with seemingly no way out. While contemplating his escape, he is likely to blend with . A : action; avoidance B : emotion; cognition C : concern; behavior D : mechanics; pragmatics Correct Answer : B 71 : What would BEST be classified as an instrumental issue? A : Taking an IQ test B : Teaching at a college C : Climbing Mount Everest D : Driving to work Correct Answer : D 72 : According to research by Blanchard-Fields (2007), a middle-aged adult would MOST likely deal with via avoidance-denial. A : death of a spouse B : buying groceries C : mowing the lawn D : writing a thank-you note Correct Answer : A 73 : Who is MOST likely to deal with an instrumental problem using a problem-focused strategy? A : 10-year-old Buddy B : 20-year-old Holly C : 30-year-old Ray D : 40-year-old Charles Correct Answer : D 74 : Based on research, which statement BEST summarizes how middle-aged adults solve problems? A : Middle-aged adults solve all problems with a problem-focused approach. B : Middle-aged adults solve all problems with a passive-dependent approach. C : Middle-aged adults solve problems similarly regardless of the emotional issues involved. D : Middle-aged adults solve problems differently depending on the type of problem. Correct Answer : D 75 : The mechanics of intelligence BEST fits with which description? A : Experienced-based B : Neurophysiological C : Content-rich D : Culturally dependent Correct Answer : B 76 : The of intelligence is MOST likely to be affected by the culture in which one was raised. A : process of thinking B : mechanics C : information processing D : pragmatics Correct Answer : D 77 : Mechanics of intelligence is to pragmatics of intelligence as is/are to . A : thoughts; hormones B : battery; automobile C : fluid; crystallized D : real life; theoretical Correct Answer : C 78 : Which term does NOT belong with the rest? A : Pragmatics of intelligence B : Mechanics of intelligence C : Psychological force impact on intelligence D : Sociocultural force impact on intelligence Correct Answer : B 79 : Which BEST exemplifies a sociocultural impact on intelligence? A : Learning how to drive by practicing driving B : Americans who fear those from the Middle East following the 9/11 attacks C : An increase in synaptic connections that results in a higher test score D : Learning to cook by reading a cookbook Correct Answer : B 80 : Which statement describes the normal pattern of pragmatics and mechanics intelligence development between ages 25 and 70? A : Both pragmatics and mechanics increase with age. B : Both pragmatics and mechanics decrease with age. C : Pragmatics remains constant while mechanics decreases. D : Mechanics remains constant while pragmatics decreases. Correct Answer : C 81 : Paula is an expert on the history of rock music, while Donald is a novice. This means that Paula than Donald. A : is less curious about rock music B : is more intelligent C : uses more steps in the thinking process when coming up with answers about rock music D : is more effective at determining correct solutions concerning rock music Correct Answer : D 82 : How is expert problem-solving different from problem-solving by a novice? A : Novices are more curious B : Experts come to solutions faster C : Novices follow fewer rules D : Experts demonstrate less flexibility in thought Correct Answer : B 83 : Which of these is TRUE about expertise? A : It is inefficient B : It is inflexible C : It is selective D : It cannot be learned Correct Answer : C 84 : Expert performance tends to peak in and drop off . A : young adulthood; significantly thereafter B : young adulthood; slightly thereafter C : middle adulthood; significantly thereafter D : middle adulthood; slightly thereafter Correct Answer : D 85 : What is an example of an internal motivator for adults to learn something new? A : Job promotion B : Family time C : Personal satisfaction D : Pay raise Correct Answer : C 86 : Darejeh and Singh (2014) concluded that self-learning is improved by taking differences into account. A : instructor B : learner C : generativity D : external motivators Correct Answer : B 87 : Which statement about adult learners and their younger counterparts is TRUE? A : Adults are more willing to learn about abstract problems. B : Adults tend to be more motivated by internal factors. C : Younger learners tend to have a larger variety of experiences on which they can build. D : Younger learners have a higher need to know why they should learn something. Correct Answer : B 88 : At which age is the debate of personality stability versus change MOST heated? A : The teen years B : Young adulthood C : Middle age D : Old age Correct Answer : C 89 : Costa and McCraes model of personality, which includes dimensions like conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness to experience, is commonly referred to as the model. A : humanistic B : centrality C : five-factor D : psychodynamic Correct Answer : C 90 : An individual low on the characteristic would likely be described as even-tempered and comfortable. A : neuroticism B : openness to experience C : conscientiousness D : agreeableness Correct Answer : A 91 : Mark is asked to describe what it is like to work with Kelly. In response, he says, She is mean, anxious, and really self-conscious. This description best matches a person scoring high on Costa and McCraes personality dimension. A : neuroticism B : openness to experience C : extroversion D : agreeableness Correct Answer : A 92 : Newt is known for being very opinionated, extremely sociable, and loving a challenge. According to the five-factor model, Newt is BEST thought of as being: A : neurotic. B : introverted. C : extroverted. D : agreeable. Correct Answer : C 93 : Since she has what Costa and McCrae would classify as a highly extroverted personality, one would expect that Samantha would be described by others as: A : a psychopath. B : nice as you could imagine. C : lazy and disorganized. D : loving the spotlight. Correct Answer : D 94 : Kevin is described by friends as having a great imagination and being willing to try anything once. Given this description, Kevin would MOST likely score very high on a scale of: A : agreeableness. B : openness to experience. C : neuroticism. D : conscientiousness. Correct Answer : B 95 : Which trait fits someone who scores low on an openness to experience assessment? A : Risk-taking B : Antagonistic C : Ambitious D : Uncurious Correct Answer : D 96 : Because she has what Costa and McCrae would classify as an agreeable personality, one would expect that Marcy would be described by others as a: A : wallflower. B : party animal. C : meanie. D : joy to be around. Correct Answer : D 97 : On which personality dimension would someone who is stingy, critical, and suspicious most likely score the lowest? A : Neuroticism B : Extroversion C : Agreeableness D : Conscientiousness Correct Answer : C 98 : Ruth is determined to become president of the corporation. She works more than 10 hours per day, is meticulous in her work, and sticks with the most difficult projects until they are completed. Ruth would MOST likely score highly on a scale that measured: A : conscientiousness. B : agreeableness. C : extroversion. D : openness to experience. Correct Answer : A 99 : Ahmed is in charge of hiring new employees for his company. He wants to hire people who are very organized, responsible, and will work hard for the company. In which trait is Ahmed MOST interested? A : Agreeableness B : Extroversion C : Conscientiousness D : Openness to experience Correct Answer : C 100 : Which statement best describes the findings from most longitudinal studies of personality stability? A : Personality traits are fairly stable across adulthood. B : Individuals become more psychopathic with age. C : Personality traits at age 20 predict virtually nothing at age 60. D : Individuals become more extroverted and open to experience with age. Correct Answer : A 101 : Harvey is 32 years old, extroverted, very conscientious, and not open to experience. Based on the longitudinal research of Costa and McCraes personality dimensions, what will Harvey be like when he is 62 years old? A : Extroverted, conscientious, and open to experience B : Not extroverted, conscientious, and not open to experience C : Extroverted, conscientious, and not open to experience D : Extroverted, not conscientious, and not open to experience Correct Answer : C 102 : Research suggests that during middle age, personality as reported by: A : both self-report and by a spouse changes dramatically. B : self-report changes dramatically, and by a spouse remains stable. C : a spouse changes dramatically, and by self-report remains stable. D : both self-report and by a spouse remains stable. Correct Answer : D 103 : Which of these words is NOT part of Wrzus and Roberts TESSERA model? A : Triggering B : Expectancy C : States D : Relaxation Correct Answer : D 104 : Which statement regarding the findings of the Big Five study conducted by Srivastava and colleagues (2003) is TRUE? A : Agreeableness decreased over time. B : Extroversion increased over time. C : Openness to new experiences decreased over time. D : Conscientiousness was stable throughout adulthood. Correct Answer : C 105 : Erik Erikson believes that midlife involves a psychosocial crisis involving characteristics of: A : trust versus mistrust. B : generativity versus stagnation. C : industry versus inferiority. D : identity versus role confusion. Correct Answer : B 106 : Earlier in his career, Monte was most interested in climbing the corporate ladder and making as much money as he could. Now, Monte is most interested in mentoring younger business professionals, helping them become better at what they do, and thus helping the company flourish. Which BEST describes the change in Monte? A : A fun-seeking style B : Generativity C : A distant style D : Openness to experience Correct Answer : B 107 : How many of these would be ways to demonstrating generativity: parenting, mentoring, volunteering, and shopping? A : one B : two C : three D : four Correct Answer : C 108 : An individual characterizing what Erikson called stagnation is unable to: A : make meaningful appraisals concerning hassles. B : form a superego. C : contribute to a societys continuation. D : think in an encapsulated manner. Correct Answer : C 109 : Which of Dianes traits would indicate that she is in a state of stagnation? A : Vivid imagination B : Self-indulgent C : Energetic D : Hostile Correct Answer : B 110 : A narrative helps create a persons: A : problem-solving skills. B : fluid intelligence. C : stress and coping paradigm. D : identity. Correct Answer : D 111 : As a caring uncle, Ben derives a lot of satisfaction when his niece performs well in her basketball games. Ben, however, has no real interest in actually teaching her how to improve her basketball skills. McAdams would cite this as a good example of: A : extroversion. B : generative action. C : neuroticism. D : generative concern. Correct Answer : D 112 : Which statement is TRUE in middle age? A : Both generative concern and generative action relate to life satisfaction. B : Generative concern relates to life satisfaction, but generative action does not. C : Generative action relates to life satisfaction, but generative concern does not. D : Neither generative concern nor generative action relate to life satisfaction. Correct Answer : B 113 : A study of second-generation women found similar trends in generativity with . A : Chinese American; European Americans B : Latino; Chinese C : a African American; Chinese Americans D : Latino; European Americans Correct Answer : A 114 : The notion of a midlife crisis is: A : common in the popular press and supported by research. B : uncommon in the popular press and supported by research. C : common in the popular press and unsupported by research. D : uncommon in the popular press and unsupported by research. Correct Answer : C 115 : Which statement on midlife crisis is TRUE? A : Midlife crises are common in both males and females. B : Midlife crises are not universal. C : Midlife crises are typically triggered by generativity. D : A midlife crisis usually has a profound effect on ones gender-role identity. Correct Answer : B 116 : Reevaluating ones roles and dreams and making the necessary corrections is called a midlife: A : encapsulation. B : crisis. C : intervention. D : correction. Correct Answer : D 117 : What is the major role of a kinkeeper? A : Keeping track of the family finances B : Keeping a semiformal family history C : Keeping a sense of traditional family values D : Keeping family members in touch with one another Correct Answer : D 118 : Kay always does her best to make sure her children, parents, in-laws, and siblings get together for holidays, anniversaries, and birthdays. Kay would BEST be described as a(n): A : enabler. B : conservationist. C : kinkeeper. D : matriarch. Correct Answer : C 119 : Which of these individuals is MOST likely to be a kinkeeper? A : Ben, a 20-year-old father B : Evelyn, a 45-year-old mother C : Charlie, a 45-year-old father D : Stephanie, a 20-year-old mother Correct Answer : B 120 : What are the pieces of bread on either side of the sandwich generation? A : Job and family B : Generativity and stagnation C : Parents and children D : Stress and coping Correct Answer : C 121 : Nina feels like she is being pulled apart from two different directions. On the one hand, she has her two daughters to take care of, and on the other hand, she now has to also take care of her ailing mother and father. Which term BEST describes the situation in which Nina finds herself? A : Practical intelligence B : High neuroticism C : Cultural conservator D : Sandwich generation Correct Answer : D 122 : How could Silvia enter the sandwich generation? A : Get married B : Have her father move in with her while she is still caring for a child at home C : Enter a nursing home D : Have her youngest child finally go to college, leaving her at home with just her husband Correct Answer : B 123 : Having a positive experience of an empty nest is MOST strongly influenced by: A : how well parents believe they did in their job as parents. B : how quickly children move back into the house. C : how much emotional support parents provide for their children. D : how much financial help parents provide to their children. Correct Answer : A 124 : How is gender related to caring for an aging parent? A : A son or son-in-law is typically responsible for care. B : A daughter or daughter-in-law is typically responsible for care. C : Gender matters, but which one provides care varies by culture. D : Gender does not influence who provides care. Correct Answer : B 125 : The comment, My parents cared for me for 18 years; I really should not complain about having to take care of them for a while when they are ill provides an example of: A : kinkeeping. B : generativity. C : filial obligation. D : introversion. Correct Answer : C 126 : Filial obligation is based on a sense of: A : independence. B : openness to experience. C : stagnation. D : responsibility. Correct Answer : D 127 : Tomas is a frail, elderly individual who needs care. If Tomas is like most people in his situation, it is most likely that he is being cared for by: A : a nursing home facility. B : a hospital. C : his siblings. D : his children. Correct Answer : D 128 : The two key sources of stress for adults caring for their parents include whether the child is coping with a parents functional decline and if the care: A : is temporary. B : is perceived as infringing on the caregivers other responsibilities. C : takes place in the parents home. D : takes place in a private facility. Correct Answer : B 129 : It is for an adult child caregiver to feel resentful and angry at times about caring for an aging parent. A : very common B : somewhat common C : somewhat unusual D : very unusual Correct Answer : A 130 : Which of these is a positive outcome associated with caring for an aging parent? A : It decreases unsolicited advice. B : It increases independence for the aging parent. C : It decreases financial pressures. D : It provides a chance for adult children to give back to their parents. Correct Answer : D 131 : Older adults who value and are most likely to express a desire to pay for caregiving rather than asking a family member for help. A : independence; extroversion B : dependence; extroversion C : dependence; autonomy D : independence; autonomy Correct Answer : D 132 : Many aging adults who receive help with daily activities have feelings about the situation. A : grateful B : negative C : positive D : satisfied Correct Answer : B 133 : Caring for aging parents is LEAST likely to: A : bring adult children and parents closer together. B : provide a way for adult children to give back to their parents. C : feel rewarding to the aging parent. D : feel rewarding to the adult child. Correct Answer : C 134 : Adult children caring for aging parents are LEAST likely to experience: A : employment issues. B : burnout. C : sleep disorders. D : depression. Correct Answer : C 135 : Attempts to categorize types of grandparents have not been very successful because: A : grandparents use different styles with different grandchildren. B : measuring these styles has not been found to be valid. C : styles of grandparenting do not seem related to the quality of the relationship. D : grandparenting behavior differs during each interaction with the grandchild. Correct Answer : A 136 : Which of these is NOT a source of meaning in grandparenting? A : Being seen as wise B : Spoiling grandchildren C : Giving money to grandchildren for college D : Being valued as a role model Correct Answer : C 137 : Ben and Sky are Hopi grandparents who want their grandchild to live with them for a while so that they can be sure the grandchild learns the Hopi way. Ben and Sky want to ensure that there is: A : indulgence. B : continuity of culture. C : financial support. D : reinvolvement with personal past. Correct Answer : B 138 : A child who returns home after being launched is called: A : a baby boomer. B : a boomerang child. C : a kaboom kid. D : a boom-bloomer. Correct Answer : B 139 : Which statement concerning custodial care of grandchildren by grandparents is TRUE? A : Almost 20 million U.S. grandparents have grandchildren living with them. B : In the United States, grandparents automatically are granted legal guardianship of their grandchildren. C : Grandparents frequently have to navigate a system that does not legally recognize them as guardians. D : The most common reason for a grandparent raising a grandchild involves the death of both parents. Correct Answer : C ESSAY 140 : Joint-related disorders represent a major challenge during middle age. Describe three examples of joint problemsosteoporosis, osteoarthritis, and rheumatoid arthritisfocusing on issues of impact and treatment. Correct Answer : Osteoporosis is a disease in which bones become porous and extremely easy to break. In severe cases, osteoporosis can cause spinal vertebrae to collapse, causing the person to stoop and to become shorter. Prevention of osteoporosis involves ingesting enough dietary calcium and vitamin D. Bone mineral density can be tested by having a dual-energy X- ray absorptiometry (DXA) test, which measures bone density at the hip and spine. Biophosphonates slow the process of bone breakdown by helping to maintain bone density during menopause. Raloxifene is also approved for the treatment and prevention of osteoporosis. Osteoarthritis is a disease marked by gradual onset of bone damage with progression of pain and disability together with minor signs of inflammation from wear and tear. Osteoarthritis usually affects the hands, spine, hips, and knees. Effective management approaches consist mainly of taking certain steroids and anti-inflammatory drugs, getting plenty of rest and doing nonstressful exercises that focus on range of motion, making dietary modifications, and using a variety of homeopathic remedies. Rheumatoid arthritis is a destructive disease of the joints that develops slowly. Most often, a pattern of morning stiffness and aching develops in the fingers, wrists, and ankles on both sides of the body. There is no cure, but there are several treatment approaches. NSAIDs, corticosteroids, and DMARDs are commonly used in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Rest and passive range-of-motion exercises are also helpful. 141 : Aphrodite is going through menopause and is considering hormone replacement therapy. What symptoms should she expect to experience during menopause? What would you advise her to do concerning MHT? Use research presented in the text to explain why you would give her this advice. Correct Answer : Menopause is the point at which menstruation stops. Possible symptoms include hot flashes, night sweats, headaches, sleep problems, mood changes, more urinary infections, pain during sex, difficulty concentrating, vaginal dryness, less interest in sex, and an increase in body fat around the waist. MHT contains low doses of estrogen combined with progestin. There are both benefits and risks with MHT. MHT can help reduce hot flashes and night sweats, help reduce vaginal dryness and discomfort during sexual intercourse, slow bone loss, and perhaps ease mood swings. However, MHT can increase a woman’s risk of blood clots, heart attack, stroke, breast cancer, and gallbladder disease. 142 : Describe how coping and appraisals are involved in the stress and coping paradigm. Correct Answer : The stress and coping paradigm is a framework that views stress not as an environmental stimulus or as a response, but as the interaction of a thinking person and an event. Coping and appraisals affect how a person perceives and responds to stress. Coping is an attempt to deal with stressful events and is seen as a dynamic, evolving process that is fine- tuned over time. In general, there are two types of coping: problem-focused coping (attempting to tackle a problem head-on) and emotion-focused coping (dealing with one’s feelings about a stressful event). Appraisal affects how we view stressors and stress. There are three types of appraisals of stress: Primary appraisal (categorizing events as irrelevant, positive, or stressful), secondary appraisal (evaluating perceived ability to cope with the stress), and reappraisal (making a new primary or secondary appraisal resulting from changes in the situation). 143 : Describe the relationship between stress, physical health, and psychological health. Correct Answer : Chronic stress can suppress the immune system and increase risk of atherosclerosis and hypertension. Chronic stress in middle-aged adults can impair memory and executive cognitive functions. Stress serves as a major trigger for angina, causes arrhythmias, causes blood to become stickier, reduces estrogen in women, increases production of certain proteins that damage cells, causes sudden increases in blood pressure, increases the risk of IBS, causes weight fluctuations, is associated with the development of insulin resistance, causes tension headaches, causes sexual dysfunction, causes infertility, and results in poorer memory and cognitive performance. One effect of stress on psychological health is post- traumatic stress disorder, which is an anxiety disorder that can develop after exposure to a terrifying event or ordeal in which grave physical harm occurred or was threatened. 144 : Describe how the trajectories of the mechanics and pragmatics of intelligence differ over the life span. Correct Answer : The trajectory of the mechanics of intelligence rises upward very quickly in the earliest years through around the age of 25. After the age of 25 the mechanics of intelligence begin to decline; at first the decline is slow, but the pace of the decline increases into the later years of life. The trajectory of the pragmatics of intelligence also rises very quickly through the age of 25; unlike the mechanics of intelligence, however, after the age of 25 the pragmatics of intelligence stabilize and even continue to increase into the later years of life. 145 : Use the research presented in the text to explain how nontraditional-aged college students differ from traditional 18- to 22-year-old college students when it comes to learning. Correct Answer : Adult learners differ from their younger counterparts in several ways. Adults have a higher need to know why they should learn something before undertaking it. Adults enter a learning situation with more and different experience on which to build. Adults are most willing to learn those things they believe are necessary to deal with real-world problems rather than abstract, hypothetical situations. Most adults are more motivated to learn by internal factors than by external factors. 146 : Jim wonders if his wife Ann (age 25) will have the same personality when she gets to be middle-aged. Use research provided in the text to describe which aspects of Anns personality are most and least likely to change. Correct Answer : Studies find that as people age, neuroticism disappears and agreeableness and conscientiousness increase. As people age, they become less emotionally volatile and more attuned to social demands and social rules. These characteristics allow older adults to maintain and regain levels of well-being in the face of loss, threats, and challenges in life, common occurrences in later life. Studies also show a decrease in openness to new experiences with increasing age. 147 : Describe the role of grand parenting in at least three different cultures. Correct Answer : African American grandparents play an important role in many aspects of their grandchildren’s lives, such as religious education. African American grandfathers tend to perceive grandparenthood as a central role. Latino American grandparents are more likely to participate in child rearing due to their cultural core value of family. Native American grandparents provide grandchildren with a way to connect with their cultural heritage, and they are likely to provide a great deal of care for their grandchildren. Native American grandparents use their own experiences of cultural disruption to reinvest in their grandchildren and to ensure the continuity of culture. 148 : Describe how stresses and rewards can result from providing care for an aging parent. Correct Answer : Stresses can result from having trouble coping with the decline of a parent, especially the decline in cognitive functioning and the increase in problematic behavior. Additionally, overload, burnout, and loss of the previous relationship with a parent can cause stress. The care situation can be perceived as confining or infringing on the best years of the caregiver’s life when it creates conflict with work, leisure, and economic well-being. Rewards can result from feeling closer to a parent, as well as the feeling of giving back to a parent.