Ventral Septal Defect
UNFOLDING Reasoning
Mandy Gray, 2 months old
Primary Concept
Perfusion
Interrelated Concepts (In order of emphasis)
Gas Exchange
Clinical Judgment
Patient Education
Communication
NCLEX Client Need Categories Percentage of Items from Each Covered in
Category/Subcategory Case Study
Safe and Effective Care Environment
Management of Care 17-23%
Safety and Infection Control 9-15%
Health Promotion and Maintenance 6-12%
Psychosocial Integrity 6-12%
Physiological Integrity
Basic Care and Comfort 6-12%
Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 12-18%
Reduction of Risk Potential 9-15%
Physiological Adaptation 11-17%
,History of Present Problem:
Mandy Gray is a two-month-old infant born with a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) that was diagnosed by
her pediatrician during her two-week infant check-up. The parents called her pediatric cardiology clinic
because Mandy was breathing faster and showed signs of increased work of breathing. Her mother states that
she is having difficulty nursing because she tires easily and then becomes fussy and cries because she is
hungry. Her height and weight are below the 25th percentile (wt: 4.5 kg. ht: 54 cm). Her Mom reports that
Mandy’s weight has increased by 8 ounces (240 g) in the last 24 hours. Her pediatric cardiologist is concerned
about worsening heart failure and Mancy will be admitted with a diagnosis of acute heart failure.
Personal/Social History:
Mandy is the first child of Jim and Jessica who were married two years ago. They were both raised in the
Catholic faith but are not active in the church. Both parents seem anxious about their infant daughter but
express hopefulness about the surgery to correct the problem. The surgery is scheduled in four months. Her
mother is an RN who works in a dermatology clinic. Since Mandy’s birth, her mother has stayed home to care
for Mandy because she is too medically fragile to be cared for in a daycare setting. Both of Jim’s parents are
deceased, and Jessica’s parents live in another state.
What data from the histories are RELEVANT and must be interpreted as clinically significant by the nurse?
(Reduction of Risk Potential)
RELEVANT Data from Present Problem: Clinical Significance:
2 mos infant w/large VSD Extra fluid volume (blood) being pumped into lungs. FVO. Heart
and lungs working harder to circulate the extra fluid.
Tachypnea/Increased WOB Heart & lungs working harder (congested) to compensate for the
extra fluid. Extra fluid (RAAS system)
Increased Wt by 8oz within
24h
RELEVANT Data from Social History: Clinical Significance:
Mother (Jessica) is an RN Mother is able to understand Mandy's
Mother cares for Mandy at condition Mother knows daughter's
home
Both parents are anxious/hopeful for surgery needs.
No grandparents on Father's (Jim) side, and both Imperative to reassure and support needs & concerns of
grandparents on Jessica's side (they don't live parents. W/no grandparents or family close, a lack of
close by)
support for the parents.
Patient Care Begins:
Current VS: FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale:
T: 99.4 F/37.5 C (temporal) Face: 1
P: 210/min (regular) Legs: 0
R: 74/min Activity: 0
BP: 70/45 MAP: 50 Cry: 1
O2 sat: 90% on RA Consolability: 0
What VS data are RELEVANT and must be interpreted as clinically significant by the nurse?
(Reduction of Risk Potential/Health Promotion and Maintenance)
RELEVANT VS Data: Clinical Significance:
, HR: 210 Unsustainable heart function.
RR: 74 Lungs are attempting to compensate, but is not
BP: 70/45 MAP:50 compensating Blood pressure is not compensating.
SpO2: 90 Hypoxia due to lack of perfusion.
UNFOLDING Reasoning
Mandy Gray, 2 months old
Primary Concept
Perfusion
Interrelated Concepts (In order of emphasis)
Gas Exchange
Clinical Judgment
Patient Education
Communication
NCLEX Client Need Categories Percentage of Items from Each Covered in
Category/Subcategory Case Study
Safe and Effective Care Environment
Management of Care 17-23%
Safety and Infection Control 9-15%
Health Promotion and Maintenance 6-12%
Psychosocial Integrity 6-12%
Physiological Integrity
Basic Care and Comfort 6-12%
Pharmacological and Parenteral Therapies 12-18%
Reduction of Risk Potential 9-15%
Physiological Adaptation 11-17%
,History of Present Problem:
Mandy Gray is a two-month-old infant born with a large ventricular septal defect (VSD) that was diagnosed by
her pediatrician during her two-week infant check-up. The parents called her pediatric cardiology clinic
because Mandy was breathing faster and showed signs of increased work of breathing. Her mother states that
she is having difficulty nursing because she tires easily and then becomes fussy and cries because she is
hungry. Her height and weight are below the 25th percentile (wt: 4.5 kg. ht: 54 cm). Her Mom reports that
Mandy’s weight has increased by 8 ounces (240 g) in the last 24 hours. Her pediatric cardiologist is concerned
about worsening heart failure and Mancy will be admitted with a diagnosis of acute heart failure.
Personal/Social History:
Mandy is the first child of Jim and Jessica who were married two years ago. They were both raised in the
Catholic faith but are not active in the church. Both parents seem anxious about their infant daughter but
express hopefulness about the surgery to correct the problem. The surgery is scheduled in four months. Her
mother is an RN who works in a dermatology clinic. Since Mandy’s birth, her mother has stayed home to care
for Mandy because she is too medically fragile to be cared for in a daycare setting. Both of Jim’s parents are
deceased, and Jessica’s parents live in another state.
What data from the histories are RELEVANT and must be interpreted as clinically significant by the nurse?
(Reduction of Risk Potential)
RELEVANT Data from Present Problem: Clinical Significance:
2 mos infant w/large VSD Extra fluid volume (blood) being pumped into lungs. FVO. Heart
and lungs working harder to circulate the extra fluid.
Tachypnea/Increased WOB Heart & lungs working harder (congested) to compensate for the
extra fluid. Extra fluid (RAAS system)
Increased Wt by 8oz within
24h
RELEVANT Data from Social History: Clinical Significance:
Mother (Jessica) is an RN Mother is able to understand Mandy's
Mother cares for Mandy at condition Mother knows daughter's
home
Both parents are anxious/hopeful for surgery needs.
No grandparents on Father's (Jim) side, and both Imperative to reassure and support needs & concerns of
grandparents on Jessica's side (they don't live parents. W/no grandparents or family close, a lack of
close by)
support for the parents.
Patient Care Begins:
Current VS: FLACC Behavioral Pain Assessment Scale:
T: 99.4 F/37.5 C (temporal) Face: 1
P: 210/min (regular) Legs: 0
R: 74/min Activity: 0
BP: 70/45 MAP: 50 Cry: 1
O2 sat: 90% on RA Consolability: 0
What VS data are RELEVANT and must be interpreted as clinically significant by the nurse?
(Reduction of Risk Potential/Health Promotion and Maintenance)
RELEVANT VS Data: Clinical Significance:
, HR: 210 Unsustainable heart function.
RR: 74 Lungs are attempting to compensate, but is not
BP: 70/45 MAP:50 compensating Blood pressure is not compensating.
SpO2: 90 Hypoxia due to lack of perfusion.
