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RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC-2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRUITS
(ANNA UNIVERSITY – REGULATION 2008)
II YEAR / IV SEMESTER ECE
SUBJECT NOTES
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SYLLABUS
EC 2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 3 0 0 3
AIM:
To teach the basic concepts in the design of electronic circuits using linear integrated circuits and their
applications in the processing of analog signals.
OBJECTIVES
• To introduce the basic building blocks of linear integrated circuits.
• To teach the linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers.
• To introduce the theory and applications of analog multipliers and PLL.
• To teach the theory of ADC and DAC
• To introduce the concepts of waveform generation and introduce some special function ICs.
UNIT - I IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICS
9
Advantages of ICs over discrete components – Manufacturing process of monolithic Ics – Construction of
monolithic bipolar transistor – Monolithic diodes – Integrated Resistors – Monolithic Capacitors –
Inductors. Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage
References, BJT Differential amplifier with active loads, General operational amplifier stages -and internal
circuit diagrams of IC 741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop
configurations.
UNIT - II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9
Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V converters, adder,
subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier, Antilogarithmic
amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper, Low-pass,
high-pass and band-pass Butterworth filters.
UNIT - III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL 9
Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell - Variable
transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL,
Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM
detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and demodulation and Frequency synthesizing.
UNIT - IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS 8
Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor type, R-2R Ladder
type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode R − 2 R Ladder types - switches for D/A converters, high speed
sample-and-hold circuits, A/D Converters – specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type -
Single Slope type - Dual Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion - Over-sampling
A/D Converters.
UNIT - V WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICs 9
Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, ICL8038
function generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators - Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage
regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator - Monolithic switching regulator, Switched capacitor filter IC
MF10, Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video
Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Opto-couplers and fibre optic IC.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
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TEXT BOOKS:
1. Sergio Franco, Design with operational amplifiers and analog integrated circuits, 3 rd Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2007.
2. D.Roy Choudhry, Shail Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
REFERENCES:
1. B.S.Sonde, System design using Integrated Circuits , New Age Pub, 2nd Edition, 2001
2. Gray and Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, Wiley International, 2005.
3. Ramakant A.Gayakwad, OP-AMP and Linear ICs, Prentice Hall / Pearson Education, 4 th Edition,
2001.
4. J.Michael Jacob, Applications and Design with Analog Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall of India,
1996.
5. William D.Stanley, Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education,
2004.
6. K Lal Kishore, Operational Amplifier and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education, 2006.
7. S.Salivahanan & V.S. Kanchana Bhaskaran, Linear Integrated Circuits, TMH, 2008.
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UNIT -I
IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICs
Integrated Circuits:
An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and
passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The active components are
transistors and diodes and passive components are resistors and capacitors.
Advantages of integrated circuits:
Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
Cost reduction due to batch processing.
Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
Improved functional performance.
Matched devices.
Increased operating speeds.
Reduction in power consumption
Classification:
Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital
on the same chip). Based upon above requirement two different IC technology namely Monolithic
Technology and Hybrid Technology have been developed. In monolithic IC ,all circuit
components ,both active and passive elements and their interconnections are manufactured into or
on top of a single chip of silicon. In hybrid circuits, separate component parts are attached to a
ceramic substrate and interconnected by means of either metallization pattern or wire bounds.
Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops,
multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows
high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level
www.vidyarthiplus.com
RAJALAKSHMI ENGINEERING COLLEGE
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRONICS AND
COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING
EC-2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRUITS
(ANNA UNIVERSITY – REGULATION 2008)
II YEAR / IV SEMESTER ECE
SUBJECT NOTES
www.vidyarthiplus.com
,www.vidyarthiplus.com
SYLLABUS
EC 2254 LINEAR INTEGRATED CIRCUITS 3 0 0 3
AIM:
To teach the basic concepts in the design of electronic circuits using linear integrated circuits and their
applications in the processing of analog signals.
OBJECTIVES
• To introduce the basic building blocks of linear integrated circuits.
• To teach the linear and non-linear applications of operational amplifiers.
• To introduce the theory and applications of analog multipliers and PLL.
• To teach the theory of ADC and DAC
• To introduce the concepts of waveform generation and introduce some special function ICs.
UNIT - I IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICS
9
Advantages of ICs over discrete components – Manufacturing process of monolithic Ics – Construction of
monolithic bipolar transistor – Monolithic diodes – Integrated Resistors – Monolithic Capacitors –
Inductors. Current mirror and current sources, Current sources as active loads, Voltage sources, Voltage
References, BJT Differential amplifier with active loads, General operational amplifier stages -and internal
circuit diagrams of IC 741, DC and AC performance characteristics, slew rate, Open and closed loop
configurations.
UNIT - II APPLICATIONS OF OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIERS 9
Sign Changer, Scale Changer, Phase Shift Circuits, Voltage Follower, V-to-I and I-to-V converters, adder,
subtractor, Instrumentation amplifier, Integrator, Differentiator, Logarithmic amplifier, Antilogarithmic
amplifier, Comparators, Schmitt trigger, Precision rectifier, peak detector, clipper and clamper, Low-pass,
high-pass and band-pass Butterworth filters.
UNIT - III ANALOG MULTIPLIER AND PLL 9
Analog Multiplier using Emitter Coupled Transistor Pair - Gilbert Multiplier cell - Variable
transconductance technique, analog multiplier ICs and their applications, Operation of the basic PLL,
Closed loop analysis, Voltage controlled oscillator, Monolithic PLL IC 565, application of PLL for AM
detection, FM detection, FSK modulation and demodulation and Frequency synthesizing.
UNIT - IV ANALOG TO DIGITAL AND DIGITAL TO ANALOG CONVERTERS 8
Analog and Digital Data Conversions, D/A converter – specifications - weighted resistor type, R-2R Ladder
type, Voltage Mode and Current-Mode R − 2 R Ladder types - switches for D/A converters, high speed
sample-and-hold circuits, A/D Converters – specifications - Flash type - Successive Approximation type -
Single Slope type - Dual Slope type - A/D Converter using Voltage-to-Time Conversion - Over-sampling
A/D Converters.
UNIT - V WAVEFORM GENERATORS AND SPECIAL FUNCTION ICs 9
Sine-wave generators, Multivibrators and Triangular wave generator, Saw-tooth wave generator, ICL8038
function generator, Timer IC 555, IC Voltage regulators - Three terminal fixed and adjustable voltage
regulators - IC 723 general purpose regulator - Monolithic switching regulator, Switched capacitor filter IC
MF10, Frequency to Voltage and Voltage to Frequency converters, Audio Power amplifier, Video
Amplifier, Isolation Amplifier, Opto-couplers and fibre optic IC.
TOTAL : 45 PERIODS
www.vidyarthiplus.com
,www.vidyarthiplus.com
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Sergio Franco, Design with operational amplifiers and analog integrated circuits, 3 rd Edition, Tata
McGraw-Hill, 2007.
2. D.Roy Choudhry, Shail Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age International Pvt. Ltd., 2000.
REFERENCES:
1. B.S.Sonde, System design using Integrated Circuits , New Age Pub, 2nd Edition, 2001
2. Gray and Meyer, Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits, Wiley International, 2005.
3. Ramakant A.Gayakwad, OP-AMP and Linear ICs, Prentice Hall / Pearson Education, 4 th Edition,
2001.
4. J.Michael Jacob, Applications and Design with Analog Integrated Circuits, Prentice Hall of India,
1996.
5. William D.Stanley, Operational Amplifiers with Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education,
2004.
6. K Lal Kishore, Operational Amplifier and Linear Integrated Circuits, Pearson Education, 2006.
7. S.Salivahanan & V.S. Kanchana Bhaskaran, Linear Integrated Circuits, TMH, 2008.
www.vidyarthiplus.com
, www.vidyarthiplus.com
UNIT -I
IC FABRICATION AND CIRCUIT CONFIGURATION FOR LINEAR ICs
Integrated Circuits:
An integrated circuit (IC) is a miniature, low cost electronic circuit consisting of active and
passive components fabricated together on a single crystal of silicon. The active components are
transistors and diodes and passive components are resistors and capacitors.
Advantages of integrated circuits:
Miniaturization and hence increased equipment density.
Cost reduction due to batch processing.
Increased system reliability due to the elimination of soldered joints.
Improved functional performance.
Matched devices.
Increased operating speeds.
Reduction in power consumption
Classification:
Integrated circuits can be classified into analog, digital and mixed signal (both analog and digital
on the same chip). Based upon above requirement two different IC technology namely Monolithic
Technology and Hybrid Technology have been developed. In monolithic IC ,all circuit
components ,both active and passive elements and their interconnections are manufactured into or
on top of a single chip of silicon. In hybrid circuits, separate component parts are attached to a
ceramic substrate and interconnected by means of either metallization pattern or wire bounds.
Digital integrated circuits can contain anything from one to millions of logic gates, flip-flops,
multiplexers, and other circuits in a few square millimeters. The small size of these circuits allows
high speed, low power dissipation, and reduced manufacturing cost compared with board-level
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