TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study ……………..……………………...6
B. Statement of the Problem ……..…………..………………….10
C. Significance of the Study …….…………………...………….11
D. Scope and Limitation of the Study ………..………………….11
E. Review of Related Literature …………………………...12
F. Methodology ……………..……………………...15
G. Definition of Terms …………..……………...…………16
CHAPTER II: ETHICAL THEORIES AND APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL
ETHICS
A. Anthropocentrism: Environmental Crisis ….…...……….…19
B. Moral Standing in the Environment ..……. .…………15
1. Human Beings …………….………...………16
2. Animals …………...………………….19
a. Peter Singer ………….………………...…19
b. Tom Regan ………...…………………….22
3. Individual Living Organisms …....…...……….25
4. Ecocentrism: The Land Ethic ...……………….29
C. Ethical Theories on the Environment ..……...…………32
1. Consequentialism ……...…………..32
2. Deontologism and Rights View …..………...……35
3. Virtue Ethics ………………..…………..…..36
4. Deep Ecology ……………...……...…………37
CHAPTER III: NEO- CONFUCIAN COSMOLOGY AND MORAL SELF-
CULTIVATION
A. Development of Neo- Confucianism ……………..…...41
1. Confucianism …………………….………...…….41
2. Neo- Confucianism ……………………….……………43
a. Founders ………………….…...….……...….43
b. The Four Books …………………...………….…….44
B. Neo-Confucian Cosmology and Moral Self-
Cultivation ………………………………….….45
1
, 1. Li- The Great Ultimate ….…………………...………..46
2. Li and Ch’I ….…………………..……..…..50
3. Li- The Nature in Men and Other Creatures …….…..54
4. Moral Self-Cultivation ………………………….. .…. 57
a. Ren …………………………...…...…59
5. The Universe as an Organic Holism …. ………….......60
CHAPTER IV: NEO- CONFUCIAN COSMOLOGY AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL
ETHICAL THEORY
A. Neo- Confucian Principles Applied as an Environmental
Ethical Theory ………………………………..…...64
1. One body in union with the Myriads of Things ……...…65
2. Degrees of Love and Care …...……………………....67
3. All things as an Interconnected Reality …...………...71
4. Li as the Pattern of every Creature ...………………..74
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Summary and Conclusion ………………...……………. .78
1. Ethical Approaches and Theories to Environmental
Ethics …………………………………………………....78
2. Neo- Confucian Cosmology and Moral Self-
Cultivation ……….……………………………………...81
3. Neo-Confucian Cosmology as an Environmental Ethical
Theory ……..……………………………………..…84
B. Recommendations ….…………………………………...…86
BIBLIOGARPHY ………..………………………………………….89
APPENDIX
2
,3
, 4
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Background of Study ……………..……………………...6
B. Statement of the Problem ……..…………..………………….10
C. Significance of the Study …….…………………...………….11
D. Scope and Limitation of the Study ………..………………….11
E. Review of Related Literature …………………………...12
F. Methodology ……………..……………………...15
G. Definition of Terms …………..……………...…………16
CHAPTER II: ETHICAL THEORIES AND APPROACHES TO ENVIRONMENTAL
ETHICS
A. Anthropocentrism: Environmental Crisis ….…...……….…19
B. Moral Standing in the Environment ..……. .…………15
1. Human Beings …………….………...………16
2. Animals …………...………………….19
a. Peter Singer ………….………………...…19
b. Tom Regan ………...…………………….22
3. Individual Living Organisms …....…...……….25
4. Ecocentrism: The Land Ethic ...……………….29
C. Ethical Theories on the Environment ..……...…………32
1. Consequentialism ……...…………..32
2. Deontologism and Rights View …..………...……35
3. Virtue Ethics ………………..…………..…..36
4. Deep Ecology ……………...……...…………37
CHAPTER III: NEO- CONFUCIAN COSMOLOGY AND MORAL SELF-
CULTIVATION
A. Development of Neo- Confucianism ……………..…...41
1. Confucianism …………………….………...…….41
2. Neo- Confucianism ……………………….……………43
a. Founders ………………….…...….……...….43
b. The Four Books …………………...………….…….44
B. Neo-Confucian Cosmology and Moral Self-
Cultivation ………………………………….….45
1
, 1. Li- The Great Ultimate ….…………………...………..46
2. Li and Ch’I ….…………………..……..…..50
3. Li- The Nature in Men and Other Creatures …….…..54
4. Moral Self-Cultivation ………………………….. .…. 57
a. Ren …………………………...…...…59
5. The Universe as an Organic Holism …. ………….......60
CHAPTER IV: NEO- CONFUCIAN COSMOLOGY AS AN ENVIRONMENTAL
ETHICAL THEORY
A. Neo- Confucian Principles Applied as an Environmental
Ethical Theory ………………………………..…...64
1. One body in union with the Myriads of Things ……...…65
2. Degrees of Love and Care …...……………………....67
3. All things as an Interconnected Reality …...………...71
4. Li as the Pattern of every Creature ...………………..74
CHAPTER V: SUMMARY, CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
A. Summary and Conclusion ………………...……………. .78
1. Ethical Approaches and Theories to Environmental
Ethics …………………………………………………....78
2. Neo- Confucian Cosmology and Moral Self-
Cultivation ……….……………………………………...81
3. Neo-Confucian Cosmology as an Environmental Ethical
Theory ……..……………………………………..…84
B. Recommendations ….…………………………………...…86
BIBLIOGARPHY ………..………………………………………….89
APPENDIX
2
,3
, 4
