PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
8:59 AM
Aim:
To investigate whether scopolamine affected the hippocampal activity in the creation of spatial
memory
Participants:
A sample of 20 healthy male adults with the mean age of 28 years old
Method:
•
Used double-blind procedure - to prevent researcher bias
•
Participants randomly allocated to one of two conditions - injected with either
scopolamine or a placebo 70-80 min prior taking part in the experimental task
•
Put into fMRI where participants were scanned while playing the "Arena Task"
•
Goal of the game is to navigate around an "arena" with the goal of reaching a pole.
After learning the location of the pole, the screen would become blank for 30 secs.
•
During this time, part were told to actively rehearse how to get to the pole in the arena
•
When arena reappeared, the part were placed in a new location and they have to use
their spatial memory to look for the pole
•
Prior experiment: part trained in game to make sure they're comfortable with the
joystick and understood rules of the game
•
Brain activity measured for 6 trials
•
3-4 weeks later: redid test - receiving opposite treatment to original study,
REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
, PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
Results:
Higher rate of error in the scopolamine group
Conclusion:
When part were injected with scopolamine, demonstrated significant reduction in the activation of
the hippocampus compared to when they received a placebo
Appears acetylcholine could play a key role n the encoding of spatial memories in humans, as well in
rats
Evaluation:
Notes:
Arena Task - complex virtual reality game in which the researchers are observing how well the
participants are able to create spatial memories
Baumgartner et al (2008)
Friday, 10 August 2018
9:49 PM
Aim:
The role of oxytocin after breaches of trust in a trust game
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
, PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
Participants:
49 participants
Method:
Volunteer sampling
Use fMRI to study role of oxytocin in creating trust between participants during a social game
called "trust game". Game built upon the dilemma of either trusting or not trusting. Trusting is
profitable but there is also a risk in trusting.
Nasal spray with oxytocin or placebo
P1- share and investment is tripled or keep, P2 (confederate)- share half of received or keep
tripled
Option 1- trust, Option 2- Violation of trust
Trust game- people (p's told to act as investors in several rounds of a trust game with different
trustees)
Risk game- computer (p's told that they were going to play "trust game" with a computer instead
with another human being)
The participants received feedback from the experimenters in which they were told that their
decisions had resulted in poor investment because their trust had been broken. They were then
asked to make the next investment decision.
Results:
Researchers saw that the feedback had different results
Placebo- more likely to decrease rate of trust after being briefed, invested less
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
, PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
Oxytocin - continued invested at similar rates (apparently it did not matter)
Oxytocin showed decreased responses in amygdala and caudate nucleus
Amygdala- emotional processing and fear learning, has many oxytocin
receptors
Caudate nucleus- learning and memory, plays a role in reward-related responses, learning to
trust
Results not shown in risk game
RESULTS OBTAINED WHEN PARTICIPANT WAS PLAYING AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON AND NOT
WHEN PLAYING WITH A COMPUTER
Conclusion:
higher levels of oxytocin --> higher probability of trust
Oxytocin effects can only be seen in interactions with
humans
Oxytocin could explain why people are able to restore trust and forgive in long-term
relationships
FROM INTHINKING:
•
The researchers hypothesized that oxytocin may have a role in decreasing fear
reactions (via the amygdala) that may arise as a consequence of betrayal and our reliance
on positive feedback that can influence future decisions (via caudate nucleus).
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
8:59 AM
Aim:
To investigate whether scopolamine affected the hippocampal activity in the creation of spatial
memory
Participants:
A sample of 20 healthy male adults with the mean age of 28 years old
Method:
•
Used double-blind procedure - to prevent researcher bias
•
Participants randomly allocated to one of two conditions - injected with either
scopolamine or a placebo 70-80 min prior taking part in the experimental task
•
Put into fMRI where participants were scanned while playing the "Arena Task"
•
Goal of the game is to navigate around an "arena" with the goal of reaching a pole.
After learning the location of the pole, the screen would become blank for 30 secs.
•
During this time, part were told to actively rehearse how to get to the pole in the arena
•
When arena reappeared, the part were placed in a new location and they have to use
their spatial memory to look for the pole
•
Prior experiment: part trained in game to make sure they're comfortable with the
joystick and understood rules of the game
•
Brain activity measured for 6 trials
•
3-4 weeks later: redid test - receiving opposite treatment to original study,
REPEATED MEASURES DESIGN
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
, PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
Results:
Higher rate of error in the scopolamine group
Conclusion:
When part were injected with scopolamine, demonstrated significant reduction in the activation of
the hippocampus compared to when they received a placebo
Appears acetylcholine could play a key role n the encoding of spatial memories in humans, as well in
rats
Evaluation:
Notes:
Arena Task - complex virtual reality game in which the researchers are observing how well the
participants are able to create spatial memories
Baumgartner et al (2008)
Friday, 10 August 2018
9:49 PM
Aim:
The role of oxytocin after breaches of trust in a trust game
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
, PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
Participants:
49 participants
Method:
Volunteer sampling
Use fMRI to study role of oxytocin in creating trust between participants during a social game
called "trust game". Game built upon the dilemma of either trusting or not trusting. Trusting is
profitable but there is also a risk in trusting.
Nasal spray with oxytocin or placebo
P1- share and investment is tripled or keep, P2 (confederate)- share half of received or keep
tripled
Option 1- trust, Option 2- Violation of trust
Trust game- people (p's told to act as investors in several rounds of a trust game with different
trustees)
Risk game- computer (p's told that they were going to play "trust game" with a computer instead
with another human being)
The participants received feedback from the experimenters in which they were told that their
decisions had resulted in poor investment because their trust had been broken. They were then
asked to make the next investment decision.
Results:
Researchers saw that the feedback had different results
Placebo- more likely to decrease rate of trust after being briefed, invested less
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
, PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
Oxytocin - continued invested at similar rates (apparently it did not matter)
Oxytocin showed decreased responses in amygdala and caudate nucleus
Amygdala- emotional processing and fear learning, has many oxytocin
receptors
Caudate nucleus- learning and memory, plays a role in reward-related responses, learning to
trust
Results not shown in risk game
RESULTS OBTAINED WHEN PARTICIPANT WAS PLAYING AGAINST ANOTHER PERSON AND NOT
WHEN PLAYING WITH A COMPUTER
Conclusion:
higher levels of oxytocin --> higher probability of trust
Oxytocin effects can only be seen in interactions with
humans
Oxytocin could explain why people are able to restore trust and forgive in long-term
relationships
FROM INTHINKING:
•
The researchers hypothesized that oxytocin may have a role in decreasing fear
reactions (via the amygdala) that may arise as a consequence of betrayal and our reliance
on positive feedback that can influence future decisions (via caudate nucleus).
PHYCH BIO APPROACH STUDY GUIDE EXAM
(ANTONOVA 2021) GRADED A+ LATEST UPDATE 2022
