Molecular Cell Biology and Immunology
Lecture 3. T cell priming in the Covid-19 era
INDEX
1. Essentials of T cell priming .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Activation of the T cells by DC ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. phases of the T cell response .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3. helper T cells and B cell response ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4. naïve, effector and memory T cells ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Memory cells ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.5. Identification techniques .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.6. Exhaustion of T cellS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. MHC molecules and peptides ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Polymorphic ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. Techniques to measure Ag specific T cell response ...................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. proliferation ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Cytokine production ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.3. Cytotoxicity ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.4. Upregulation of activation markers (AIM assay) ................................................................................................................................. 7
3.5. MHC staining ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4. COVID-19 and T cell responses .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.1. COVID-19 in the Netherlands .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.2. Human coronaviruses ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3. SARS-CoV-2 virus ................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
4.4. vaccine development .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.5. Introduction of the vaccine ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.6. Immune response against vaccination .............................................................................................................................................. 10
4.6.1. Memory response .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.6.2. T cell response.................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.6. Unexposed individuals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
, COVID-19. In the end we get Ab, helper cells and cytotoxic cells. We will focus on the T cell response.
1. ESSENTIALS OF T CELL PRIMING
Naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells are activated by DCs in the secondary lymphoid organs.
• DCs are the ones that can activate naïve
cells. → The 1st activation is in the
secondary lymphoid organ by the
presentation of the DC.
o They can activate CD8
(cytotoxic with granzyme, etc.)
o CD4 helper cells help:
▪ Antibody response
▪ B cell in the germinal
center to become the
plasma cells and also
the hypermutation
and positive selection.
▪ They help CD8 T cell
priming.
• Effector cells can be activated by any cell
that presents the antigen.
1.1. ACTIVATION OF THE T CELLS BY DC
T cells are able to prime naïve B cells because they can provide the three signals: (exam)
- Antigen presented in the MHC molecule that can be recognized in the T cell receptor. Then, it decides
the T cell that responds (aprox 100.000 cells per epitope), the ones that respond need the other signals. Is
they responds it means have the receptor for the Ag.
- Co-stimulation by CD80/86 that bind to CD28 and leads to proliferation and expansion of the cell.
1
Lecture 3. T cell priming in the Covid-19 era
INDEX
1. Essentials of T cell priming .......................................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1. Activation of the T cells by DC ............................................................................................................................................................. 1
1.2. phases of the T cell response .............................................................................................................................................................. 2
1.3. helper T cells and B cell response ........................................................................................................................................................ 2
1.4. naïve, effector and memory T cells ..................................................................................................................................................... 3
1.4.1. Memory cells ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 3
1.5. Identification techniques .................................................................................................................................................................... 4
1.6. Exhaustion of T cellS ........................................................................................................................................................................... 4
2. MHC molecules and peptides ...................................................................................................................................................................... 5
2.1. Polymorphic ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3. Techniques to measure Ag specific T cell response ...................................................................................................................................... 6
3.1. proliferation ....................................................................................................................................................................................... 6
3.2. Cytokine production ........................................................................................................................................................................... 7
3.3. Cytotoxicity ........................................................................................................................................................................................ 7
3.4. Upregulation of activation markers (AIM assay) ................................................................................................................................. 7
3.5. MHC staining ...................................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4. COVID-19 and T cell responses .................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.1. COVID-19 in the Netherlands .............................................................................................................................................................. 8
4.2. Human coronaviruses ......................................................................................................................................................................... 8
4.3. SARS-CoV-2 virus ................................................................................................................................................................................ 8
4.4. vaccine development .......................................................................................................................................................................... 9
4.5. Introduction of the vaccine ................................................................................................................................................................. 9
4.6. Immune response against vaccination .............................................................................................................................................. 10
4.6.1. Memory response .............................................................................................................................................................................. 10
4.6.2. T cell response.................................................................................................................................................................................... 11
4.6. Unexposed individuals ...................................................................................................................................................................... 11
, COVID-19. In the end we get Ab, helper cells and cytotoxic cells. We will focus on the T cell response.
1. ESSENTIALS OF T CELL PRIMING
Naïve CD4 and CD8 T cells are activated by DCs in the secondary lymphoid organs.
• DCs are the ones that can activate naïve
cells. → The 1st activation is in the
secondary lymphoid organ by the
presentation of the DC.
o They can activate CD8
(cytotoxic with granzyme, etc.)
o CD4 helper cells help:
▪ Antibody response
▪ B cell in the germinal
center to become the
plasma cells and also
the hypermutation
and positive selection.
▪ They help CD8 T cell
priming.
• Effector cells can be activated by any cell
that presents the antigen.
1.1. ACTIVATION OF THE T CELLS BY DC
T cells are able to prime naïve B cells because they can provide the three signals: (exam)
- Antigen presented in the MHC molecule that can be recognized in the T cell receptor. Then, it decides
the T cell that responds (aprox 100.000 cells per epitope), the ones that respond need the other signals. Is
they responds it means have the receptor for the Ag.
- Co-stimulation by CD80/86 that bind to CD28 and leads to proliferation and expansion of the cell.
1
