(a) (b)
Phase 2
Phase 1
2.95 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.15 3.20 3.25
Mass of Pennies (g)
Analytical Chemistry 2.1
Solutions Manual
1.0
stoichiometric mixture pH
0.8
indicator
In–
0.6
absorbance
is color of In–
0.4
0.2 indicator’s
pH = pKa,HIn color transition
0.0
range
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
XL
indicator
HIn is color of HIn
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ..................................................... 5
Chapter 2 ..................................................... 9
Chapter 3 ................................................... 15
Chapter 4 ................................................... 21
Chapter 5 ................................................... 39
Chapter 6 ................................................... 51
Chapter 7 ................................................... 79
Chapter 8 ................................................... 95
Chapter 9 ................................................. 115
Chapter 10 ............................................... 157
Chapter 11 ............................................... 181
Chapter 12 ............................................... 201
Chapter 13 ............................................... 217
Chapter 14 ............................................... 227
Chapter 15 ............................................... 245
Appendix. .................................................249
iii
,
, Chapter 1 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry 5
Chapter 1
1. (a) Aqualitative and a quantitative analysis is the best choice because
we need to determine the identify of the possible contaminants and
determine if their concentrations are greater than the expected back-
ground levels.
(b) A forged work of art often contains compounds that are not pres-
ent in authentic materials or contains a distribution of compounds
that do not match the authentic materials. Either a qualitative anal-
ysis (to identify a compound that should not be present in authentic
materials) or a quantitative analysis (to determine if the concentra-
tions of compounds present do not match the distribution expected
in authentic materials) is appropriate.
(c) Because we are interested in detecting the presence of specific
compounds known to be present in explosive materials, a qualitative
analysis is the best choice.
(d) A compound’s structure is one of its characteristic properties;
a characterization analysis, therefore, is the best approach.
(e) In searching for a new acid–base indicator we are seeking to im-
prove the performance of an existing analytical method, which re-
quires a fundamental analysis of the method’s properties.
(f)) A quantitative analysis is used to determine if an automobile
emits too much carbon monoxide.
2. Answers to this problem will vary, but here is a list of important
points that you might address:
The goal of this research is to develop a fast, automated, and real-time
instrumental method for determining a co ee’s sensory profile that
yields results similar to those from trained human sensory panels.
One challenge the authors have to address is that a human sensory
panelist reports results on a relative scale, typically 0–10, for charac-
teristics that are somewhat arbitrary: What does it mean, for example,
to say that a coffee is bitter? An instrumental method, on the other
hand, reports results on an absolute scale and for a clearly defined
signal; in this case, the signal is a raw count of the number of ions
with a particular mass–to-charge ratio. Much of the mathematical
processing described by the authors is used to transform the instru-
mental data into a relative form and to normalize the two sets of data
to the same relative scale.
The instrumental technique relies on gas chromatography equipped See Chapter 12 for a discussion of gas
with a mass spectrometer as a detector. The specific details of the chromatography and for detection using
a mass spectrometer.
instrument are not important, but the characteristics the authors de-
scribe—low fragmentation, high time resolution, broad linear dy-
Phase 2
Phase 1
2.95 3.00 3.05 3.10 3.15 3.20 3.25
Mass of Pennies (g)
Analytical Chemistry 2.1
Solutions Manual
1.0
stoichiometric mixture pH
0.8
indicator
In–
0.6
absorbance
is color of In–
0.4
0.2 indicator’s
pH = pKa,HIn color transition
0.0
range
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
XL
indicator
HIn is color of HIn
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1 ..................................................... 5
Chapter 2 ..................................................... 9
Chapter 3 ................................................... 15
Chapter 4 ................................................... 21
Chapter 5 ................................................... 39
Chapter 6 ................................................... 51
Chapter 7 ................................................... 79
Chapter 8 ................................................... 95
Chapter 9 ................................................. 115
Chapter 10 ............................................... 157
Chapter 11 ............................................... 181
Chapter 12 ............................................... 201
Chapter 13 ............................................... 217
Chapter 14 ............................................... 227
Chapter 15 ............................................... 245
Appendix. .................................................249
iii
,
, Chapter 1 Introduction to Analytical Chemistry 5
Chapter 1
1. (a) Aqualitative and a quantitative analysis is the best choice because
we need to determine the identify of the possible contaminants and
determine if their concentrations are greater than the expected back-
ground levels.
(b) A forged work of art often contains compounds that are not pres-
ent in authentic materials or contains a distribution of compounds
that do not match the authentic materials. Either a qualitative anal-
ysis (to identify a compound that should not be present in authentic
materials) or a quantitative analysis (to determine if the concentra-
tions of compounds present do not match the distribution expected
in authentic materials) is appropriate.
(c) Because we are interested in detecting the presence of specific
compounds known to be present in explosive materials, a qualitative
analysis is the best choice.
(d) A compound’s structure is one of its characteristic properties;
a characterization analysis, therefore, is the best approach.
(e) In searching for a new acid–base indicator we are seeking to im-
prove the performance of an existing analytical method, which re-
quires a fundamental analysis of the method’s properties.
(f)) A quantitative analysis is used to determine if an automobile
emits too much carbon monoxide.
2. Answers to this problem will vary, but here is a list of important
points that you might address:
The goal of this research is to develop a fast, automated, and real-time
instrumental method for determining a co ee’s sensory profile that
yields results similar to those from trained human sensory panels.
One challenge the authors have to address is that a human sensory
panelist reports results on a relative scale, typically 0–10, for charac-
teristics that are somewhat arbitrary: What does it mean, for example,
to say that a coffee is bitter? An instrumental method, on the other
hand, reports results on an absolute scale and for a clearly defined
signal; in this case, the signal is a raw count of the number of ions
with a particular mass–to-charge ratio. Much of the mathematical
processing described by the authors is used to transform the instru-
mental data into a relative form and to normalize the two sets of data
to the same relative scale.
The instrumental technique relies on gas chromatography equipped See Chapter 12 for a discussion of gas
with a mass spectrometer as a detector. The specific details of the chromatography and for detection using
a mass spectrometer.
instrument are not important, but the characteristics the authors de-
scribe—low fragmentation, high time resolution, broad linear dy-
