LETRS Unit 1: Sessions 1-8 With Complete Solutions Graded A+

LETRS Unit 1: Sessions 1-8 With Complete Solutions LETRS unit 1 session 1 According to the 2015 National Assessment of Educational Progress, what percentage of fourth-grade students have scored "basic" or "below basic" in reading? a. 33% of students nationally, equally split among white, African-American, and Hispanic students b. 23% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount c. 50% nationally, with white students making up a disproportionate amount d. 64% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount – d. 64% nationally, with African-American and Hispanic students making up a disproportionate amount Reading comprehension is not a single construct. Rather, the ability to understand what you read relies on multiple components. Once readers become more skilled in word recognition, which of the following components increase in their importance? a. spelling and phonemic awareness b. orthographic knowledge and background knowledge c. cognates and syllable awareness d. background knowledge and vocabulary – d. background knowledge and vocabulary Which statement most accurately describes how the human brain has evolved to process spoken and written language? a. Our brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. b. Our brains have evolved to process spoken and written language equally well. c. Our brains process spoken language and pictorial writing equally well, but have not evolved to process alphabetic writing. d. Our brains process spoken language extremely well, and we process alphabetic writing surprisingly well given that it is a relatively recent achievement. - a. Our brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. What characteristic makes English a "deep" alphabetic orthography? a. Its spelling system is entirely phonetic. b. Its spelling system shares many word roots with other languages. c. Its spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. d. Its spelling patterns have not been completely stable over time. - c. Its spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. According to the Simple View of Reading model, which is more important to reading comprehension—word recognition or language comprehension? a. Word recognition is much more important. b. Language comprehension is much more important. c. Word recognition is slightly more important. d. Both are equally important. - d. Both are equally important. LETRS Unit 1 Session 1 phonics Correct Ans the study of the relationships between letters and the sounds they represent; also used as a descriptor for code-based instruction phonemic awareness Correct Ans the conscious awareness of the individual speech sounds (consonants and vowels) in spoken syllables and the ability to consciously manipulate those sounds. Five Essential Components of Reading Instruction Correct Ans Phonemic awareness, phonics, fluency, vocabulary, and comprehension. pictographs Correct Ans primitive writing system that directly represented or made pictures of the intended meaning (hieroglyphics) logographs Correct Ans writing system where symbols were used to represent meanings rather than sound (Chinese radicals and Mayan gylphs) syllabic symbols Correct Ans writing system that directly represented whole syllables (cherokee) alphabetic writing Correct Ans a system in which graphic signs represent individual consonants and vowels, or phenomes syllable Correct Ans a unit of pronunciation that is organized around a vowel; it may or may not have a consonant after the vowel morphemes Correct Ans The smallest units of meaning in a language; meaningful parts of words; it may be a word or part of a word; it may be a single sound (plural /s/); one syllable (suffix -ful) or multiple syllables (prefix inter-) orthography Correct Ans A writing system for representing language. shallow orthography Correct Ans the sound-symbol correspondences in the alphabetic writing system are regular and predicable, with one sound represented by one symbol or letter (Spanish) deep orthography Correct Ans the sound-symbol correspondences in the alphabetic writing system represent both morphemes (meaningful parts) and speech sound (English) morphophonemic Correct Ans a deep alphabetic writing system organized by both "sound-symbol" correspondences and morphology (English orthography falls under this category) Consider examples that share a consistently spelled root or meaningful part (morpheme) but have different pronunciations of the root: compress, compression (s, or sh) rite or ritual (t or ch) cognate Correct Ans a word in one language that shares a common ancestor and meanings with a word from another language; promblema or diagrama metalinguistic awareness Correct Ans the ability to think about and reflect on the structure of language itself The invention of the alphabet was an achievement in metalinguistic awareness. Simple View of Reading (SVR) Correct Ans word recognition x language comprehension = reading comprehension word recognition Correct Ans the accurate and fast retrieval of decoded word forms; essential for the development of reading (SVR) language comprehension Correct Ans listening comprehension or the linguistic processes involved in the comprehension of oral language (SVR) decoding Correct Ans The ability to translate a word from print to speech, usually by employing knowledge of sound symbol correspondences; also the act of deciphering a new word by sounding it out. LETRS Unit 1 Session 2 Semantics Correct Ans The study of word and phrase meanings and relationships Morphology Correct Ans The study of meaningful units in a language and how the units are combined in word formation Discourse Correct Ans Organizational conventions used in longer segments of oral or written language Phonology Correct Ans The rule system within a language by which phonemes can be sequenced, combined, and pronounced to make words Syntax Correct Ans The system of rules governing permissible word order in sentences Orthography Correct Ans A writing system for representing language and the rules that govern it Pragmatics Correct Ans The system of rules and conventions for using language and related gestures in a social context Example of Phonology Correct Ans No English word begins with the sound /ng/; the sound /p/ and /k/ are never adjacent in the same syllable. Example of Orthography Correct Ans Every English word ending in /v/ is spelled with -ve; the letter x is never doubled. Example of Morphology Correct Ans Nat- is a root. Nature is a non=in; natural is an adjective; naturalist is a noun; naturally is an adverb. Example of Semantics Correct Ans The word rank has multiple meanings. The words order and sequence have similar meanings. Example of Syntax Correct Ans "Our district recruits new teachers" is a sentence; " New teachers our district recruits" is not a sentence. Example of Discourse Correct Ans Discourse includes paragraph structure, cohesive ties, and genre conventions such as story structure. Example of Pragmatics Correct Ans To one person I say, "That is my seat!" To another, I say, "Excuse me, my ticket has that seat number." LETRS Unit 1 Session 2 b. It does not use paragraphs and tends to be disorganized. Correct Ans Which is a characteristic of discourse in spoken language? a. It generally uses complete, well-formed sentences. b. It does not use paragraphs and tends to be disorganized. c. It may use unusual or topic-specific vocabulary. d. Its sounds are coarticulated in words. a. As children get older, verbal comprehension becomes more important than oral reading fluency. Correct Ans Which statement best describes the relative importance of oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension as factors in reading comprehension? a. As children get older, verbal comprehension becomes more important than oral reading fluency. b. Oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension are equally important throughout childhood and adolescence. c. As children get older, verbal comprehension matters less, and oral reading fluency becomes more important. d. Although oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension are both important, a child with problems in one domain can usually use the other domain to compensate. b. Social context and nonverbal gestures help the listener understand spoken language, so there is less need for it to be highly structured. Correct Ans How does the language system of ipragmatics/i help us to understand why written language is more structured than spoken language? a. Written language is highly structured because we expect certain types of writing, such as stories, to follow established organizational conventions. b. Social context and nonverbal gestures help the listener understand spoken language, so there is less need for it to be highly structured. c. We must process written language in a highly structured way—reading letters that represent specific sounds and decoding them by reading from left to right. d. Spoken language is less structured because we tend to use sentences that are incomplete, run-ons, or otherwise ungrammatical. d. We know the words unique, uniform, united, and universe all contain the root uni, meaning "one." Correct Ans Which of these is an example