1- Fluid & Electrolytes HURST review

*Hyper*tonic solution - What type of solution is it? where does the fluid go? - "volume expander" - thick, packed with particles will draw fluid into the *vascular space* from the *cells* "Hyp*E*r = *Enter* the vessel" 2 causes of hypomagnesemia - diarrhea alcoholism 2 Main causes of hyperkalemia - kidney problems spironolactone 2 Medications that decrease serum Ca - Biphosphates (etidronate) Calcitonin 3 Causes of Fluid volume deficit/hypovolemia - loss of fluids from *anywhere* third *spacing* diseases with polyuria 3 ECG changes with hypokalemia - U waves PVCs v tach 3 main causes of hypernatremia - hyperventilation heat stroke DI 3 Main Hormonal Regulation of Fluid Volume - Aldosterone Atrial Natriuretic Peptide (ANP) Anti-diuretic hormone (ADH) 3 main hypermagnesemia signs and symptoms - decrease BP flushing warmth 3 main Signs and symptoms hypokalemia - muscle cramps muscle weakness Life threatening arrythmia 3 main Signs and symptoms of Hypernatremia - dry mouth thirsty swollen tongue 3 main signs and symptoms of hyponatremia - Headache seizures coma 3 Treatments for hypokalemia - Give potassium: Spironolactone (Aldactone) (makes the client retain potassium) eat more potassium, 4 causes of hypokalemia - vomiting NG suction Diuretics not eating 4 main causes of hyponatremia - Drinking ONLY water for fluid replacement (vomiting/sweating) psychogenic polydipsia (pt LOVES to drink water) D5W (only sugar and water -- can get too diluted) SIADH (retaining TOO MUCH water) 4 signs and symptoms of hyperkalemia - muscle twitching muscle weakness flaccid paralysis life threatening arrhythmias 4 treatments of hyperkalemia - - dialysis - calcium gluconate (decrease arrhythmia) - glucose and insulin - push fluids A client receivi