NUR 2063 Essentials of Pathophysiology (NUR2063) / Pathophysiology Final Rasmussen University Winter 2021

• Abnormal erythrocytes carry less oxygen and clog vessels, causing hypoxia and tissue ischemia. Exercise-induced asthma Chronic Bronchitis Sickle Cell Anemia Occupational asthma 2. blood flow reestablished to quickly Distributive shock Anaphylactic shock Reprofusion injury spinal cord injury 3. •Life-threatening complication of many conditions • Results from an inappropriate immune response • Widespread coagulation followed by massive bleeding because of the depletion of clotting factors • Complications: shock and multisystem organ failure Disseminated intravascular coagulation - DIC Chronic Bronchitis Manifestations and Treatment Disseminated Intravascular Coagulation DIC Traumatic Brain Injury Complications 4. thyroid gland - T3, T4, calcitonin parathyroid gland - parathyroid hormone during acute respiratory failure stress incontinence secondary brain injury Glands that regulate calcium 5. altered level of consciousness BP drops HR goes up hypotensive Glands that regulate calcium spinal cord injury shock sighs and symptoms Reprofusion injury 6. chest pain that occurs while a person is at rest and not exerting himself does not get better hemorrhagic stroke Bone electrolytes sickle cell crisis unstable angina 7. Abnormally low white blood cell count • Normal range = 5,000 to 10,000 cells/mL3 blood beta cells Leukopenia Pneumonia CT scan 8. damage to the alveoli air can get in, but not out emphysema lecture Normal CO2 levels anemia symptoms Stabilize the patient 9. Manifestations • May be vague and develop slowly, or may be sudden and severe. • Symptoms may improve and then suddenly worsen. • The outward appearance of the head is not an indication of the injury severity. • Not being able to recall event details • Indications of a concussion • Changes in or unequal pupil size • Seizures • Asymmetrical facial features • Fluid draining from the nose, mouth, or ears • Fracture of skull or face • Bruising of face • Swelling at site of injury • Scalp wound • Impaired hearing, smell, taste, speech, or vision • Inability to move one or more limbs • Irritability (especially in children) • Personality changes • Unusual behavior • Loss of consciousness • Bradypnea • Hypotension • Restlessness • Lack of coordination • Lethargy • Stiff neck • Vomiting Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS) Manifestations and Treatment Acute Bronchitis Manifestations Tuberculosis Manifestations and Treatment Traumatic Brain Injury Manifestations 10. not enough ADH Alkalosis Stable Angina spinal cord injury diabetes insipidus 11. -Homozygous. -Most severe. -Almost all erythrocytes are sickled. Cushing's syndrome sickle cell crisis Sickle cell disease Normal CO2 levels 12. •Frequently caused by aspirin—prevents the conversion of prostaglandins, which stimulate leukotriene release, a powerful bronchoconstrictor. • Can be fatal. • Reactions can be delayed up to 12 hours after drug ingestion. Acute Bronchitis Drug-induced asthma stress incontinence Tuberculosis TB 13. pulmonary edema, wet coughing, shortness of breath, and dyspnea Acute lymphoblastic leukemia Left sided heart failure symptoms Right sided heart failure symptoms Cerebral Vascular Accident (CVA) 14. •Result from direct injury to the spinal cord or indirectly from damage to surrounding bones, tissues, or blood vessels. • Causes: motor vehicle accidents, falls, violence, sports injuries, and weakening vertebral structures (e.g., rheumatoid arthritis or osteoporosis). • Direct damage can occur if the spinal cord is pulled, pressed sideways, or compressed. -This damage may occur if the head, neck, or back twists abnormally during an accident or injury. • Hemorrhage, fluid accumulation, and edema can occur inside or outside the spinal cord (but within the spinal canal). • The accumulation of blood or fluid can compress the spinal cord and damage it. • Spinal shock: temporary suppression of neurologic function because of spinal cord compression; neurologic function gradually returns. Complications • Loss of neurologic functioning • Varying degrees of paralysis • Cauda equina syndrome: injury to the nerve roots in the area of the cauda equina • Autonomic hyperreflexia: a massive sympathetic response that can cause headaches, hypertension, tachycardia, seizures, stroke, and death;