Samenvatting*Handboek*Requirements*
Brug%tussen%business%en%ICT%
%
NICOLE%DE%SWART%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
, ! !
Samenvatting*Handboek*Requirements*
! !
!
Inhoudsopgave*
Hoofdstuk)1:)Belang)van)requirements)............................................................................................)4!
§1.1%De%brugfunctie%van%requirements%................................................................................................%4!
§1.2%De%belanghebbenden%...................................................................................................................%4!
§1.3%Effect%van%foutieve%requirements%.................................................................................................%4!
§1.4%Kritieke%succesfactoren%................................................................................................................%5!
§1.5%Onderschatting%vakgebied%...........................................................................................................%5!
Hoofdstuk)2:)Requirements).............................................................................................................)6!
§2.1%Wat%is%een%requirement?%.............................................................................................................%6!
§2.2%Wat%is%een%requirement%niet?%......................................................................................................%7!
Hoofdstuk)3:)Requirements)Engineering)..........................................................................................)8!
§3.1%Softwareontwikkeling%..................................................................................................................%8!
§3.2%Het%vakgebied%Requirements%Engineering%...................................................................................%8!
§3.3%Requirements%Development%.........................................................................................................%9!
§3.4%Requirements%Management%........................................................................................................%9!
Hoofdstuk)4:)Requirementsanalist)................................................................................................)10!
§4.1%Rol%en%verantwoordelijkheid%......................................................................................................%10!
§4.2%Competenties%.............................................................................................................................%10!
§4.3%Training%......................................................................................................................................%10!
Hoofdstuk)5:)Requirementsmodel).................................................................................................)12!
§5.1%Introductie%.................................................................................................................................%12!
§5.2%Systeemperspectief%....................................................................................................................%12!
§5.3%Businessperspectief%....................................................................................................................%13!
§5.4%Opkomst%Agile%softwareontwikkeling%........................................................................................%13!
Hoofdstuk)6:)Business)Requirements).............................................................................................)14!
§6.1%Toegevoegde%waarde%................................................................................................................%14!
§6.2%Scope%van%het%systeem%...............................................................................................................%14!
§6.3%Businessdoelen%...........................................................................................................................%14!
§6.4%Businessrequirements%in%de%praktijk%..........................................................................................%15!
Hoofdstuk)7:)Gebruikersrequirements)...........................................................................................)16!
§7.1%Businessperspectief%....................................................................................................................%16!
§7.2%Use%Cases%...................................................................................................................................%16!
§7.3%User%Stories%................................................................................................................................%17!
Hoofdstuk)8:)Software)Requirements)............................................................................................)18!
§8.1%Functionele%software%requirements%...........................................................................................%18!
§8.2%Niet%functionele%software%requirements%....................................................................................%18!
Hoofdstuk)9:)Requirementsproces).................................................................................................)20!
§9.1%Generiek%requirementsproces%....................................................................................................%20!
§9.2%Softwareontwikkelproces%..........................................................................................................%21!
§9.3%Subgebieden%van%Requirements%Development%..........................................................................%21!
Hoofdstuk)10:)Requirements)Development)...................................................................................)22!
§10.1%Positioneer%het%systeem%binnen%het%businessdomein%..............................................................%22!
§10.2%Definieer%de%gewenste%oplossing%.............................................................................................%22!
§10.3%Detailleer%de%requirements%......................................................................................................%22!
Hoofdstuk)11:)Requirementstechnieken)........................................................................................)25!
! 2!
, ! !
Samenvatting*Handboek*Requirements*
! !
!
§11.1%Elicitatietechnieken%..................................................................................................................%25!
§11.2%Analysetechnieken%...................................................................................................................%25!
§11.3%Specificatetechnieken%..............................................................................................................%26!
§11.4%Validatietechnieken%.................................................................................................................%26!
Hoofdstuk)12:)Requirements)Management)...................................................................................)28!
§12.1%Belang%......................................................................................................................................%28!
§12.2%Beheer%de%requirements%...........................................................................................................%28!
§12.3%Pijlers%.......................................................................................................................................%29!
Hoofdstuk)13:)Elicitatietechnieken)................................................................................................)30!
§13.1%Interviewen%..............................................................................................................................%30!
§13.2%Prototype%maken%.....................................................................................................................%31!
§13.3%Workshops%houden%..................................................................................................................%31!
§13.4%Observeren%...............................................................................................................................%32!
Hoofdstuk)14:)Analysetechnieken).................................................................................................)33!
§14.1%Conceptueel%modelleren%..........................................................................................................%33!
§14.2%Prioriteren%................................................................................................................................%33!
§14.3%Prototype%maken%.....................................................................................................................%34!
§14.4%Categoriseren%...........................................................................................................................%35!
Hoofdstuk)17:)Belanghebbenden)...................................................................................................)36!
§17.1%Belanghebbende%bij%de%business%doel%......................................................................................%36!
§17.2%Belanghebbende%bij%het%systeem%.............................................................................................%36!
§%17.3%Belanghebbende%bij%het%project%..............................................................................................%36!
Hoofdstuk)21:)Use)cases)................................................................................................................)37!
§%21.1%Voordelen%................................................................................................................................%37!
§21.2%Use%case%model%........................................................................................................................%37!
!
% %
! 3!
, ! !
Samenvatting*Handboek*Requirements*
! !
!
Hoofdstuk*1:*Belang*van*requirements*
!
In!dit!hoofdstuk!komt!het!effect!van!foutieve!requirements!en!de!kritieke!succesfactoren!voor!
softwareontwikkeling!aan!bod.!
!
§1.1*De*brugfunctie*van*requirements*
Requirements:)vertellen!wat!het!te!ontwikkelen!systeem!moet!kunnen!(eisen!en!behoeften)!!!vormt!een!brug!
tussen!de!business!(om!te!ondersteunen)!en!het!softwareontwikkelteam!(om!te!realiseren).!
!
Uit!de!praktijk!blijkt!dat!een!systeem!heel!anders!wordt!ervaren!dan!is!gedacht!(wat!bij!de!requirements!is!
opgesteld)!!!het!is!van!groot!belang!dat!de!analist!de!behoeften!en!verwachtingen!van!de!gebruikers!
specificeert!en!dat!de!requirements!vervolgens!goed!begrepen!worden!door!de!ontwikkelaars.!
!
§1.2*De*belanghebbenden*
Requirements!zijn!van!belang!voor!de!opdrachtgever,!de!opdrachtnemer,!de!ontwikkelaars,!de!testers!en!de!
gebruikers!van!het!systeem!
!
Opdrachtgever:!het!nieuwe!systeem!moet!hem!helpen!om!bepaalde!bedrijfsdoelstellingen!te!halen!of!om!een!
probleem!op!te!lossen.!
Opdrachtnemer:!requirements!vertellen!voor!hun!welk!systeem!gerealiseerd!moet!worden!!!hoe!meer!
bekend!is!over!de!requirements,!hoe!betrouwbaarder!de!inschattingen!zijn.!
Ontwikkelaars:!requirements!vertellen!waarom!de!te!bouwen!software!moet!voldoen.!
Testers:!requirements!vertellen!waaraan!de!te!testen!software!moet!voldoen.!
Gebruikers:!wat!het!systeem!wel!en!niet!kan!beïnvloedt!of!de!gebruiker!goed!en!op!een!prettige!manier!zijn!
werk!kan!uitvoeren.!
!
§1.3*Effect*van*foutieve*requirements*
Requirements!zijn!belangrijk!omdat!ze!de!basis!vormen!voor!de!softwareontwikkelG!en!
projectmanagementactiviteiten.!!
!
!
! Projectverstrekking!
Globaal! Projectplan!
!
!
! Requirements! Detailplanning!
! Ontwerp!
Gedetailleerd!
! Bouw!
! Test!
! !
!
‘Als!het!niet!lukt!om!de!requirements!te!achterhalen,!maakt!het!ook!niet!meer!uit!hoe!goed!je!de!overige!
activiteiten!uitvoert’!
WIEGERS!(2006)!
!
Het!loont!om!het!aantal!fouten!in!requirements!te!verlagen!!!de!kosten!om!een!requirementsfout!te!
herstellen!zijn!laat!in!het!traject!vele!malen!hoger!dan!aan!het!begin!van!het!project!
!
De!conclusie!van!deze!paragraaf!wijst!uit!dat!het!grootste!deel!van!de!problemen!waarme!de!
softwareontwikkeltrajecten!kampen!te!maken!hebben!met!requirements!!!heeft!te!maken!met!de!kwaliteit!
van!de!specificaties!van!requirements,!wijzigingen!in!de!requirements!en!op!gebrek)van!gebruikersinbreng.!
! !
! 4!
Brug%tussen%business%en%ICT%
%
NICOLE%DE%SWART%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
%
% %
, ! !
Samenvatting*Handboek*Requirements*
! !
!
Inhoudsopgave*
Hoofdstuk)1:)Belang)van)requirements)............................................................................................)4!
§1.1%De%brugfunctie%van%requirements%................................................................................................%4!
§1.2%De%belanghebbenden%...................................................................................................................%4!
§1.3%Effect%van%foutieve%requirements%.................................................................................................%4!
§1.4%Kritieke%succesfactoren%................................................................................................................%5!
§1.5%Onderschatting%vakgebied%...........................................................................................................%5!
Hoofdstuk)2:)Requirements).............................................................................................................)6!
§2.1%Wat%is%een%requirement?%.............................................................................................................%6!
§2.2%Wat%is%een%requirement%niet?%......................................................................................................%7!
Hoofdstuk)3:)Requirements)Engineering)..........................................................................................)8!
§3.1%Softwareontwikkeling%..................................................................................................................%8!
§3.2%Het%vakgebied%Requirements%Engineering%...................................................................................%8!
§3.3%Requirements%Development%.........................................................................................................%9!
§3.4%Requirements%Management%........................................................................................................%9!
Hoofdstuk)4:)Requirementsanalist)................................................................................................)10!
§4.1%Rol%en%verantwoordelijkheid%......................................................................................................%10!
§4.2%Competenties%.............................................................................................................................%10!
§4.3%Training%......................................................................................................................................%10!
Hoofdstuk)5:)Requirementsmodel).................................................................................................)12!
§5.1%Introductie%.................................................................................................................................%12!
§5.2%Systeemperspectief%....................................................................................................................%12!
§5.3%Businessperspectief%....................................................................................................................%13!
§5.4%Opkomst%Agile%softwareontwikkeling%........................................................................................%13!
Hoofdstuk)6:)Business)Requirements).............................................................................................)14!
§6.1%Toegevoegde%waarde%................................................................................................................%14!
§6.2%Scope%van%het%systeem%...............................................................................................................%14!
§6.3%Businessdoelen%...........................................................................................................................%14!
§6.4%Businessrequirements%in%de%praktijk%..........................................................................................%15!
Hoofdstuk)7:)Gebruikersrequirements)...........................................................................................)16!
§7.1%Businessperspectief%....................................................................................................................%16!
§7.2%Use%Cases%...................................................................................................................................%16!
§7.3%User%Stories%................................................................................................................................%17!
Hoofdstuk)8:)Software)Requirements)............................................................................................)18!
§8.1%Functionele%software%requirements%...........................................................................................%18!
§8.2%Niet%functionele%software%requirements%....................................................................................%18!
Hoofdstuk)9:)Requirementsproces).................................................................................................)20!
§9.1%Generiek%requirementsproces%....................................................................................................%20!
§9.2%Softwareontwikkelproces%..........................................................................................................%21!
§9.3%Subgebieden%van%Requirements%Development%..........................................................................%21!
Hoofdstuk)10:)Requirements)Development)...................................................................................)22!
§10.1%Positioneer%het%systeem%binnen%het%businessdomein%..............................................................%22!
§10.2%Definieer%de%gewenste%oplossing%.............................................................................................%22!
§10.3%Detailleer%de%requirements%......................................................................................................%22!
Hoofdstuk)11:)Requirementstechnieken)........................................................................................)25!
! 2!
, ! !
Samenvatting*Handboek*Requirements*
! !
!
§11.1%Elicitatietechnieken%..................................................................................................................%25!
§11.2%Analysetechnieken%...................................................................................................................%25!
§11.3%Specificatetechnieken%..............................................................................................................%26!
§11.4%Validatietechnieken%.................................................................................................................%26!
Hoofdstuk)12:)Requirements)Management)...................................................................................)28!
§12.1%Belang%......................................................................................................................................%28!
§12.2%Beheer%de%requirements%...........................................................................................................%28!
§12.3%Pijlers%.......................................................................................................................................%29!
Hoofdstuk)13:)Elicitatietechnieken)................................................................................................)30!
§13.1%Interviewen%..............................................................................................................................%30!
§13.2%Prototype%maken%.....................................................................................................................%31!
§13.3%Workshops%houden%..................................................................................................................%31!
§13.4%Observeren%...............................................................................................................................%32!
Hoofdstuk)14:)Analysetechnieken).................................................................................................)33!
§14.1%Conceptueel%modelleren%..........................................................................................................%33!
§14.2%Prioriteren%................................................................................................................................%33!
§14.3%Prototype%maken%.....................................................................................................................%34!
§14.4%Categoriseren%...........................................................................................................................%35!
Hoofdstuk)17:)Belanghebbenden)...................................................................................................)36!
§17.1%Belanghebbende%bij%de%business%doel%......................................................................................%36!
§17.2%Belanghebbende%bij%het%systeem%.............................................................................................%36!
§%17.3%Belanghebbende%bij%het%project%..............................................................................................%36!
Hoofdstuk)21:)Use)cases)................................................................................................................)37!
§%21.1%Voordelen%................................................................................................................................%37!
§21.2%Use%case%model%........................................................................................................................%37!
!
% %
! 3!
, ! !
Samenvatting*Handboek*Requirements*
! !
!
Hoofdstuk*1:*Belang*van*requirements*
!
In!dit!hoofdstuk!komt!het!effect!van!foutieve!requirements!en!de!kritieke!succesfactoren!voor!
softwareontwikkeling!aan!bod.!
!
§1.1*De*brugfunctie*van*requirements*
Requirements:)vertellen!wat!het!te!ontwikkelen!systeem!moet!kunnen!(eisen!en!behoeften)!!!vormt!een!brug!
tussen!de!business!(om!te!ondersteunen)!en!het!softwareontwikkelteam!(om!te!realiseren).!
!
Uit!de!praktijk!blijkt!dat!een!systeem!heel!anders!wordt!ervaren!dan!is!gedacht!(wat!bij!de!requirements!is!
opgesteld)!!!het!is!van!groot!belang!dat!de!analist!de!behoeften!en!verwachtingen!van!de!gebruikers!
specificeert!en!dat!de!requirements!vervolgens!goed!begrepen!worden!door!de!ontwikkelaars.!
!
§1.2*De*belanghebbenden*
Requirements!zijn!van!belang!voor!de!opdrachtgever,!de!opdrachtnemer,!de!ontwikkelaars,!de!testers!en!de!
gebruikers!van!het!systeem!
!
Opdrachtgever:!het!nieuwe!systeem!moet!hem!helpen!om!bepaalde!bedrijfsdoelstellingen!te!halen!of!om!een!
probleem!op!te!lossen.!
Opdrachtnemer:!requirements!vertellen!voor!hun!welk!systeem!gerealiseerd!moet!worden!!!hoe!meer!
bekend!is!over!de!requirements,!hoe!betrouwbaarder!de!inschattingen!zijn.!
Ontwikkelaars:!requirements!vertellen!waarom!de!te!bouwen!software!moet!voldoen.!
Testers:!requirements!vertellen!waaraan!de!te!testen!software!moet!voldoen.!
Gebruikers:!wat!het!systeem!wel!en!niet!kan!beïnvloedt!of!de!gebruiker!goed!en!op!een!prettige!manier!zijn!
werk!kan!uitvoeren.!
!
§1.3*Effect*van*foutieve*requirements*
Requirements!zijn!belangrijk!omdat!ze!de!basis!vormen!voor!de!softwareontwikkelG!en!
projectmanagementactiviteiten.!!
!
!
! Projectverstrekking!
Globaal! Projectplan!
!
!
! Requirements! Detailplanning!
! Ontwerp!
Gedetailleerd!
! Bouw!
! Test!
! !
!
‘Als!het!niet!lukt!om!de!requirements!te!achterhalen,!maakt!het!ook!niet!meer!uit!hoe!goed!je!de!overige!
activiteiten!uitvoert’!
WIEGERS!(2006)!
!
Het!loont!om!het!aantal!fouten!in!requirements!te!verlagen!!!de!kosten!om!een!requirementsfout!te!
herstellen!zijn!laat!in!het!traject!vele!malen!hoger!dan!aan!het!begin!van!het!project!
!
De!conclusie!van!deze!paragraaf!wijst!uit!dat!het!grootste!deel!van!de!problemen!waarme!de!
softwareontwikkeltrajecten!kampen!te!maken!hebben!met!requirements!!!heeft!te!maken!met!de!kwaliteit!
van!de!specificaties!van!requirements,!wijzigingen!in!de!requirements!en!op!gebrek)van!gebruikersinbreng.!
! !
! 4!
