NREMT - Everything You Need To Know for 2023 Exam

NREMT - Everything You Need To Know for 2023 Exam Medical Direction – Oversight of the patient-care aspects of an EMS system by the Medical Director. Protocols – lists of steps, such as assessments and interventions, to be taken in different situations. Protocols are developed by the Medical Director of an EMS system Offline Direction – consists of standing orders issued by the medical director that allows EMTs to give certain medications or perform certain procedures without speaking to the medical director or another physician. Online Direction – consists of orders from the on-duty physician given directly to an EMT-B in the field by radio or telephone. Standing Orders – A policy or protocol issued by a Medical Director that authorizes EMT-Bs and others to perform particular skills in certain situations. HEPA Mask – High Efficiency Particulate Air respirator; used for patients with suspected TB; worn by the EMT provider to prevent airborne transmission Hepatitis B – infectious inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis B virus (HBV) that is transmitted sexually or by exposure to contaminated blood or body fluid Hepatitis C – inflammation of the liver caused by the hepatitis C virus, transmitted by exposure to infected blood (rarely contracted sexually) Tuberculosis – Infectious disease caused by the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Most commonly affects the respiratory system and causes inflammation and calcification of the system. Acute Stress – short term ; fight or flight response ; effects disappear quickly after it is over Scope of Practice – What we are allowed to do or trained to do Standard Care – the degree of care that a reasonably prudent person should exercise under the same or similar circumstances Duty to Act – an obligation to provide care to a patient Good Samaritan – a person who voluntarily offers help or sympathy in times of trouble Expressed Consent – Permission that must be obtained from every conscious, mentally competent adult before emergency treatment may be provided Implied Consent – The consent it is presumed a patient or patient's parent or gaurdian would give if they could, such as for an unconscious patient or a parent who cannot be contacted when care is needed. Treatment of a Minor – Must be given by legal guardian Involuntary – Mentally incompetent person Advanced Directive – a legal document prepared by a living, competent adult to provide guidance to the health care team if the individual should become unable to make decisions regarding his or her medical care; may also be called a living will or durable power of attorney for health care Polst – Physicians orders for life sustaining treatment. May include order for DO NOT RESUSCITATE PCR – Prehospital care report Emergency Move – a move made when there is an immediate danger to the patient. Urgent Move – Move used if a scne factor causes a decline in patient's condition, or if the treatment of a patient requires a move. Non urgent move – No immediate threat to life, are carried out in such a way as to prevent injury and to avoid discomfort and pain. bariatric stretcher – Stretcher for obese patients scoop stretcher – this cot splits in tow or four sections, so it can be used where larger stretchers cannot fit. basket stretcher – designed to surround and protect the patient, this stretcher is used to move a patient from one level to another to over rough terrain. flexible stretcher – made of canvas or rubberized or other flexible material, often with wooden slats sewn into pockets and three carrying handles on each side. can be useful in restricted areas or narrow hallways anatomical planes – 1. coronal (vertical cut into front and back halves) 2. transverse (horizontal cut into upper and lower) 3. sagittal (vertical cut into left and right halves) fowler position – a bed sitting position with the head of the bed raised to 45 degrees semi fowler position – the head of the bed is raised 30 degrees; or the head of the bed is raised 30 degrees and the knee portion is raised 15 degrees shock position – feet elevated 12 inches higher than head anterior – Toward the Front posterior – Toward the back superior – toward the head or above point of reference inferior – away from the head or below point of reference dorsal – Toward the back/spine ventral – Toward the front/ belly medial – Toward center of body lateral – Away from center of body bilateral – Both sides unilateral – One side ipsilateral – Same side contralateral – opposite side proximal – Near the point of reference distal – Far from point of reference mid clavicular – the line through the center of the clavical mid axillary – line drawn veritcally from the middle of the armpit to the ankle plantar – Sole of foot palmar – Palm of hand quadrants of the abdomen – Describing where an abdominal organ or pain is located is made easier by dividing the abdomen into four imaginary quadrants. *Right upper quadrant (RUQ) *Left upper quadrant (LUQ) *Right lower quadrant (RLQ) *Left lower quadrant (LLQ) vertebrae – the 33 bones of the spinal column Ribs – Vertebrosternal = 'True ribs" -ribs 1-7 attach directly to the sternum through their costal cartilage. Vertebrochondral = "False ribs" =ribs 8-10 costal cartilage articulate indirectly with the sternumb by joing the costal cartilages of ribs above. Vertebral Ribs = "Floating ribs" ribs 11 and 12 no anterior attachment. upper airway – (Nose, mouth, pharynx, larynx)FUNCTION:*Conducts air to lower airway *Protects lower airways *Warms, filters & humidifies air lower airway – trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and aveoli (gasses travel through the structers to and from the blood) cricoid cartilage – the ring-shaped structure that forms the lower portion of the larynx diaphragm – muscular partition that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdominal cavity and aids in respiration by moving up and down phrenic nerve – stimulates the diaphragm edema – swelling perfusion – The supply of oxygen to and removal of wastes from the cells and tissues of the body as a result of the flow of blood through the capillaries. hypo perfusion – Also known as shock (decreased blood flow through an organ, as in hypovolemic shock; if prolonged, it may result in permanent cellular dysfunction and death.) cerebrum – large part of the brain that controls the senses and thinking cerebellum – the "little brain" attached to the rear of the brainstem; its functions include processing sensory input and coordinating movement output and balance brain stem – the part of the brain continuous with the spinal cord and comprising the medulla oblongata and pons and midbrain and parts of the hypothalamus epinephrine – adrenaline; activates a sympathetic nervous system by making the heart beat faster, stopping digestion, enlarging pupils, sending sugar into the bloodstream, preparing a blood clot faster noepinephrine – A neurotransmitter from nerve endings and a hormone from the adrenal gland. It is release in times of stress and is involved in hunger regulation, blood glucose regulation and other body processes. alpha1 and Alpha2 – Alpha1 vessels constrict and release sweat Alpha2 try's to regulate alpha1 beta 1 – increases HR, inotrophy (forced contraction of heart) increases electrical impulse in heart beta 2 – relaxes smooth muscle such as bronchioles and some vessels pulse pressure – difference between systolic and diastolic pressure no more than 25% respiration - ..., the bodily process of inhalation and exhalation pulmonary ventilation – ..., Movement of air into and out of the lungs internal respiration - .. ., exchange of gases between the blood and the cells of the body external respiration – ..., exchange of gases between the lungs and the blood cellular respiration – ..., process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen carina – ..., the fork at the lower end of the trachea where the two mainstem bronchi branch. bronchioles – ..., smallest branches of the bronchi pleura – ..., membrane surrounding the lungs visceral pleura – ..., inner layer of pleura that surrounds each lung parietal pleura – ..., pleura that lines the inner chest walls and covers the diaphragm pleural space – ..., the small potential space between the parietal and visceral layers of the pleura intercostal muscles – ..., Muscles which move the rib cage during breathing signs of mild hypoxia – Tachypnea Dyspnea Pale cool clammy skin ( early) Elevation of blood pressure Agitation Disorientation and confusion ( from high carbon dioxide levels) Headache signs of severe hypoxia – Tachypnea Dyspnea Cyanosis Tachycardia may lead to dysrhythmias and eventually bradycardia Confusion Loss of coordination sleepy appearance Head bobbing Slow reaction time Altered mental status dyspnea – ..., difficult or labored respiration cyanosis – ..., A bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes patent airway – ..., An airway that is open and clear of obstructions. snoring sounds – ..., airway blocked, open patients airway promt transport crowing – ..., A breathing sound similarto the cawing of a crow; may indicate that muscles around the larynx are in spasm. gurgling – ..., indicates presence of fluid in the upper airway, need for suctioning stridor – ..., a whistling sound when breathing (usually heard on inspiration) upper airway n-95 – ..., Mask used for a patient with TB tonsil tip – ... Rigid suction french tip – ...Soft suction oropharyngeal – ..., -curved plastic device used to establish an airway in a patient by displacing the tongue from the posterior wall of the oropharynx -used in unconscious patients who do not have a gag reflex nasopharyngeal – ..., flexible airway inserted through the patients nose retractions – ..., Movements in which the skin pulls in around the ribs during inspiration. respiratory failure – ..., a condition in which the level of oxygen in the blood becomes dangerously low or the level of carbon dioxide becomes dangerously high respiratory arrest – ..., When breathing completely stops. agonal respiration – ..., Shallow, slow or infrequent breathing tachypnea – ..., fast breathing, an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually 20 breaths per minute bradypnea – ..., slow respiratory rate, usually below 10 respirations per minute methods of artifical ventilation – ..Mouth to mask Two person bag valve