deWit's Fundamental Concepts and Skills for Nursing, 5th EditionChapter 29: Promoting Urinary Elimination

Open-Book Quiz NAME: Tamela Street 1. How does the frequency of urination vary? (See page 543 in your textbook.)  The frequency of urination varies.  Infants void from 5 to 40 times a day. The preschool child may void every 2 hours. The adult voids from 5 to 10 times a day. On average, the adult male voids 300 to 500 mL each time, and the adult female voids 250 mL. There should be at least an hourly urine output of 30 mL. This reflects adequate kidney perfusion. 2. What factors affect normal urination? (See page 543 in your textbook.)  Urinary elimination is affected by neurologic and muscle development; alterations in spinal cord integrity; the volume of fluid intake; the amount of fluid lost by perspiration, vomiting, or diarrhea; and the amount of the amount of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) secreted by the pituitary gland. Anxiety may increase muscle tension and cause a more frequent urge to void. Most people need privacy for urination to occur freely. 3. If urine varies in color, what conditions may be present? (See page 543 in your textbook.)  Urine is normally some shade of yellow, with the average being straw colored or amber. The color may darken when the urine is more concentrated. Smoky red or dark brown urine may indicate the presence of blood or myoglobin, which is a by-product of muscle tissue injury. Very dark amber urine may be due to the presence of bilirubin. Other color variations may occur from medications the patient is taking or from water-soluble dyes consumed in food. 4. Define cystitis and summarize the signs and symptoms of this condition. (See page 544 in your textbook.) This study source was downloaded by from CourseH on :15:47 GMT -06:00  A common UTI is cystitis (inflammation of the bladder). Cystitis may be caused by irritation of highly concentrated urine, pathogenic bacteria, injury, or instillatio