NEPHROLITHIASIS
, 2.1.1 Definition
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a condition where there are one or more stones in
the pelvis or calyx of the kidney. Broadly speaking the formation of kidney stones is
influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are age, sex, and heredity,
while extrinsic factors are geographical conditions, climate, eating habits, substances
contained in urine, occupation, and so on.
2.1.2 Epidemiology
In Indonesia, the most common kidney disease is kidney failure and nephrolithiasis.
The highest prevalence of nephrolithiasis was in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (1.2%),
followed by Aceh (0.9%), West Java, Central Java and Central Sulawesi (0.8%)
respectively.The prevalence of this disease is estimated at 7% in adult women and 13% in
adult men. Four of the five patients were male, while the peak age was in the third to fourth
decades.
2.1.3 Etiology
Kidney stones (calculus) are stones that can be found anywhere in the urinary tract.
The most common stones are composed of calcium crystals. There are several types of
kidney stones and they can range in size from small to as large as staghorn stones that can
damage the collecting system. Usually kidney stones consist of calcium salts (oxalate and
phosphate) or magnesium phosphate and uric acid.
The cause of kidney stones is idiopathic. However, there are predisposing factors
such as the type of food consumed, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), volume of water drunk,
metabolic disorders, age, gender, genetics, activity, consumption of certain vitamins and
drugs, and body weight. Kidney stones are usually composed of calcium oxalate.
The formation of kidney stones is closely related to an increase in urine pH (in
calcium bicarbonate stones), or conversely a decrease in urine pH (in uric acid stones).
Anything that causes obstruction to the flow of urine and causes static urine (no movement
in the urine) in any part of the urinary tract, increases the formation of stones because it
, 2.1.1 Definition
Nephrolithiasis (kidney stones) is a condition where there are one or more stones in
the pelvis or calyx of the kidney. Broadly speaking the formation of kidney stones is
influenced by intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Intrinsic factors are age, sex, and heredity,
while extrinsic factors are geographical conditions, climate, eating habits, substances
contained in urine, occupation, and so on.
2.1.2 Epidemiology
In Indonesia, the most common kidney disease is kidney failure and nephrolithiasis.
The highest prevalence of nephrolithiasis was in the Special Region of Yogyakarta (1.2%),
followed by Aceh (0.9%), West Java, Central Java and Central Sulawesi (0.8%)
respectively.The prevalence of this disease is estimated at 7% in adult women and 13% in
adult men. Four of the five patients were male, while the peak age was in the third to fourth
decades.
2.1.3 Etiology
Kidney stones (calculus) are stones that can be found anywhere in the urinary tract.
The most common stones are composed of calcium crystals. There are several types of
kidney stones and they can range in size from small to as large as staghorn stones that can
damage the collecting system. Usually kidney stones consist of calcium salts (oxalate and
phosphate) or magnesium phosphate and uric acid.
The cause of kidney stones is idiopathic. However, there are predisposing factors
such as the type of food consumed, Urinary Tract Infection (UTI), volume of water drunk,
metabolic disorders, age, gender, genetics, activity, consumption of certain vitamins and
drugs, and body weight. Kidney stones are usually composed of calcium oxalate.
The formation of kidney stones is closely related to an increase in urine pH (in
calcium bicarbonate stones), or conversely a decrease in urine pH (in uric acid stones).
Anything that causes obstruction to the flow of urine and causes static urine (no movement
in the urine) in any part of the urinary tract, increases the formation of stones because it
