NR 302 Final Exam
What is the function of skin?
Protection from the environment, Regulation of body temperature, Regulation of salt
and water balance
Lanugo
fine downy hair of newborn infant
vernix caseosa
cheesy substance covering the skin of the fetus
linea nigra
dark line of pigmentation from the umbilicus extending to the pubic area
Chloasma/Melasma
pregnancy mask
Striae
stretch marks
The Aging Adult and Skin
-skin loses elasticity
-thin, dry
-sweat/oil glands change
Keloid Scar
scar that turns raised, dark, purplish, pulls together, painful
Alopecia
hair loss
hirsutism
hair where it doesn't belong
Pruritis
itching
Albinism
Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
Vitiligo
loss of pigment in areas of the skin
ABCDE
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution or elevation
malignant melanoma
most deadly form of skin cancer
pallor
paleness caused by loss of red-pink tones by oxygenated hemoglobin in blood
Where to check for pallor?
mucus membranes, conjunctiva, nail beds
Erythema
redness of the skin
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin caused by not enough oxygenated blood flow. Seen in
lips, nose, ears, cheeks
Jaundice
yellowing of the skin and in sclera of eye
Diaphoresis
,profuse sweating
Dehydration
not enough fluid
How to check for dehydration?
- check for tenting in the skin for skin turgor
Tenting
Slow return of the skin to its normal position after being pinched, a sign of either
dehydration or aging, or both
Skin turgor
Measure of hydration, which tests how quickly the skin returns to its normal position
after being pinched
Best place to test for tenting?
clavicle
Primary Lesion
lesions arising from previously normal skin
ex: chicken pox or pimple
Secondary Lesion
skin lesion that evolves from a primary lesion or that is caused by external forces, such
as infection, scratching, trauma, or the healing process
Head lice (pediculosis)
looks like dandruff, but if you tap the white spots they do not fall off. These are nits
Schamroth test
put 2 fingers together, see if you can see any light come through. If you can't you have
clubbing.
Clubbing of Nails
finding in the nails that indicates chronic hypoxia >6 months
Splinter hemorrhages
can be a sign of endocarditis, result of strep throat
Spooning in Nails
iron deficiency
Capillary Refill Test
Pressure is applied to the nail bed until it turns white, this indicates that the blood has
been forced from the tissue (called blanching) and once the tissue has blanched,
pressure is removed. While the patient holds their hand above their heart, the health
care provider measures the time it takes for blood to return to the tissue. Return of
blood is indicated by the nail turning back to a pink color. Should be less than 3 seconds
Mongolian Spots
bluish purple spots of hyperpigmentation
Cafe au lait spots
Birth marks
Linear Lesion
a scratch, streak, line, or stripe
Zosteriform lesion
linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route (herpes zoster)
Macule Lesion
flat lesion measuring less than 1 cm in diameter EX. freckles, petechiae, measles
, Papule Lesion
something you can feel (i.e solid, elevated, circumscribed, less than 1cm diameter)
caused by superficial thickening in epidermis ex: mole or wart
Tumor Lesion
larger than a few centimeters in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis ex: lipoma,
hemangioma
Vesicle Lesion
elevated cavity containing free fluid, up to 1 cm (blister). Ex: herpes simplex, early
varicella, herpes zoster, contact dermatitis
Cyst Lesion
encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin
(sebaceous cyst)
Pustule lesion
pus-filled (acne)
Ulcer Lesion
deeper depression into dermis, irregular shape, may bleed (pressure sore)
Contusion
bruise (blunt force)
Echymosis
a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by
bruising
Hematoma
contusion that has caused a lump of blood
Port Wine Stain
along cranial nerve V, dark, red, bluish or purplish. Intensifies with crying, exertion,
exposure to heat/cold.
Petichiae
blood vessels that rupture
Tinea corporis
ringworm of the body
primary contact dermatitis
local inflammatory reaction to an irritant in the environment or an allergy
Allergic Drug Reaction
erythematous and symmetric rash, usually generalized
Herpes Simplex
"cold sores"; clear vesicles with red base that evolve into pustules, can also be genital
Psoriasis
chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales, auto-immune
eczema (atopic dermatitis)
inflammatory skin disease with red, irritated, oozy patches
seborrheic dermatitis
"cradle cap" thick, yellow to white greasy adherent scales with mild erythema on scalp
and forehead "eczema lesions" with no itching
pediculosis capitis
head lice
uremic frost
What is the function of skin?
Protection from the environment, Regulation of body temperature, Regulation of salt
and water balance
Lanugo
fine downy hair of newborn infant
vernix caseosa
cheesy substance covering the skin of the fetus
linea nigra
dark line of pigmentation from the umbilicus extending to the pubic area
Chloasma/Melasma
pregnancy mask
Striae
stretch marks
The Aging Adult and Skin
-skin loses elasticity
-thin, dry
-sweat/oil glands change
Keloid Scar
scar that turns raised, dark, purplish, pulls together, painful
Alopecia
hair loss
hirsutism
hair where it doesn't belong
Pruritis
itching
Albinism
Absence of pigment in the skin, hair, and eyes
Vitiligo
loss of pigment in areas of the skin
ABCDE
asymmetry, border, color, diameter, evolution or elevation
malignant melanoma
most deadly form of skin cancer
pallor
paleness caused by loss of red-pink tones by oxygenated hemoglobin in blood
Where to check for pallor?
mucus membranes, conjunctiva, nail beds
Erythema
redness of the skin
Cyanosis
bluish discoloration of the skin caused by not enough oxygenated blood flow. Seen in
lips, nose, ears, cheeks
Jaundice
yellowing of the skin and in sclera of eye
Diaphoresis
,profuse sweating
Dehydration
not enough fluid
How to check for dehydration?
- check for tenting in the skin for skin turgor
Tenting
Slow return of the skin to its normal position after being pinched, a sign of either
dehydration or aging, or both
Skin turgor
Measure of hydration, which tests how quickly the skin returns to its normal position
after being pinched
Best place to test for tenting?
clavicle
Primary Lesion
lesions arising from previously normal skin
ex: chicken pox or pimple
Secondary Lesion
skin lesion that evolves from a primary lesion or that is caused by external forces, such
as infection, scratching, trauma, or the healing process
Head lice (pediculosis)
looks like dandruff, but if you tap the white spots they do not fall off. These are nits
Schamroth test
put 2 fingers together, see if you can see any light come through. If you can't you have
clubbing.
Clubbing of Nails
finding in the nails that indicates chronic hypoxia >6 months
Splinter hemorrhages
can be a sign of endocarditis, result of strep throat
Spooning in Nails
iron deficiency
Capillary Refill Test
Pressure is applied to the nail bed until it turns white, this indicates that the blood has
been forced from the tissue (called blanching) and once the tissue has blanched,
pressure is removed. While the patient holds their hand above their heart, the health
care provider measures the time it takes for blood to return to the tissue. Return of
blood is indicated by the nail turning back to a pink color. Should be less than 3 seconds
Mongolian Spots
bluish purple spots of hyperpigmentation
Cafe au lait spots
Birth marks
Linear Lesion
a scratch, streak, line, or stripe
Zosteriform lesion
linear arrangement along a unilateral nerve route (herpes zoster)
Macule Lesion
flat lesion measuring less than 1 cm in diameter EX. freckles, petechiae, measles
, Papule Lesion
something you can feel (i.e solid, elevated, circumscribed, less than 1cm diameter)
caused by superficial thickening in epidermis ex: mole or wart
Tumor Lesion
larger than a few centimeters in diameter, firm or soft, deeper into dermis ex: lipoma,
hemangioma
Vesicle Lesion
elevated cavity containing free fluid, up to 1 cm (blister). Ex: herpes simplex, early
varicella, herpes zoster, contact dermatitis
Cyst Lesion
encapsulated fluid-filled cavity in dermis or subcutaneous layer, tensely elevating skin
(sebaceous cyst)
Pustule lesion
pus-filled (acne)
Ulcer Lesion
deeper depression into dermis, irregular shape, may bleed (pressure sore)
Contusion
bruise (blunt force)
Echymosis
a discoloration of the skin resulting from bleeding underneath, typically caused by
bruising
Hematoma
contusion that has caused a lump of blood
Port Wine Stain
along cranial nerve V, dark, red, bluish or purplish. Intensifies with crying, exertion,
exposure to heat/cold.
Petichiae
blood vessels that rupture
Tinea corporis
ringworm of the body
primary contact dermatitis
local inflammatory reaction to an irritant in the environment or an allergy
Allergic Drug Reaction
erythematous and symmetric rash, usually generalized
Herpes Simplex
"cold sores"; clear vesicles with red base that evolve into pustules, can also be genital
Psoriasis
chronic skin condition producing red lesions covered with silvery scales, auto-immune
eczema (atopic dermatitis)
inflammatory skin disease with red, irritated, oozy patches
seborrheic dermatitis
"cradle cap" thick, yellow to white greasy adherent scales with mild erythema on scalp
and forehead "eczema lesions" with no itching
pediculosis capitis
head lice
uremic frost
