NR293/ NR 293 Exam 2 solution guide 2022 Distinction
level approved.
Analgesics
- Pain Medication
- medications aimed at reducing pain without causing sedation
NSAIDS
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen
- Celecoxib
- Acetaminophen
- Indomethacin
- Magnesium
- Naproxen
Ibuprofen and Aspirin
inhibit or block prostaglandins, thus reducing inflammation, pain and swelling
Celecoxib
anti-inflammatory drug given for osteoarthritis
Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox 2)
an enzyme directly responsible for inflammation, swelling and pain.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
toxic for your liver (tyLIVER)
Hydromorphone
- side effects (urinary retention)
- important to monitor urine output
Morphine Sulfate
- side effects (constipation, pruritis, hypotension)
- decrease in pain level
- decrease in tachycardia
- absence of facial grimacing or discomfort
- verbalization of pain relief
Anxiety Disorder
anxiety that interferes with daily life
Buspirone
commonly used antianxiety drug to treat Anxiety disorder
Bipolar Disorder
extreme mood swings, also known as manic-depression
Lithium
- commonly used mood stabilizer
- therapeutic level = 0.8-1.2
Psychosis
severe mental illness such as schizophrenia
Antipsychotics
used to treat refractory or recurring schizophrenia
, Risperidone
helps to reduce paranoia and delusions
Antidepressants
- may take up to 4 weeks to notice therapeutic effects
- prevent the absorption of serotonin in the body, thus increasing concentration in the
brain, elevating mood
Serotonin
- acts as neurotransmitter
- mostly in the brain but found in digestive system and blood platelets
- mood, sexual desire, appetite, sleep, memory, temperature regulation and social
behavior
Serotonin Syndrome
- when there is too much serotonin in the body
- excessive nerve cell activity which can be fatal
(agitation, confusion, increased heart rate, tremors, fever)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
- blocks serotonin absorption
- overdose can cause cardiac dysrhythmias
- toxicity occurs when mixed with alcohol
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- blocks serotonin absorption
- cannot be taken with anticoagulants because it can cause excessive bleeding
- high protein bound
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- reduce the activity of the enzyme MAO, which results in higher levels of
norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in the brain, enhancing mood
- break down catecholamines in the CNS
- taken with foods high in Tyramine can cause dangerously high blood pressure
Norepinephrine
influences sleep and alertness and is believed to be correlated to the fight or flight
stress response
Dopamine
influences body movements and is also believed to be involved in motivation, reward,
reinforcement and addictive behavior
MAOIs: side effect
- many patients experience dry mouth
- antidepressants prevent acetylcholine from reaching muscarinic receptors in the
salivary glands causing cotton mouth
Drug/Food Interaction - MAOIs
AVOID: cheese, processed meats and red wine
St. John's Wort
- when combined with antidepressants can cause adverse effects
- duloxetine and sertraline + St. John's Wort = Serotonin Syndrome
Opioids
level approved.
Analgesics
- Pain Medication
- medications aimed at reducing pain without causing sedation
NSAIDS
- Aspirin
- Ibuprofen
- Celecoxib
- Acetaminophen
- Indomethacin
- Magnesium
- Naproxen
Ibuprofen and Aspirin
inhibit or block prostaglandins, thus reducing inflammation, pain and swelling
Celecoxib
anti-inflammatory drug given for osteoarthritis
Cyclooxygenase 2 (Cox 2)
an enzyme directly responsible for inflammation, swelling and pain.
Acetaminophen (Tylenol)
toxic for your liver (tyLIVER)
Hydromorphone
- side effects (urinary retention)
- important to monitor urine output
Morphine Sulfate
- side effects (constipation, pruritis, hypotension)
- decrease in pain level
- decrease in tachycardia
- absence of facial grimacing or discomfort
- verbalization of pain relief
Anxiety Disorder
anxiety that interferes with daily life
Buspirone
commonly used antianxiety drug to treat Anxiety disorder
Bipolar Disorder
extreme mood swings, also known as manic-depression
Lithium
- commonly used mood stabilizer
- therapeutic level = 0.8-1.2
Psychosis
severe mental illness such as schizophrenia
Antipsychotics
used to treat refractory or recurring schizophrenia
, Risperidone
helps to reduce paranoia and delusions
Antidepressants
- may take up to 4 weeks to notice therapeutic effects
- prevent the absorption of serotonin in the body, thus increasing concentration in the
brain, elevating mood
Serotonin
- acts as neurotransmitter
- mostly in the brain but found in digestive system and blood platelets
- mood, sexual desire, appetite, sleep, memory, temperature regulation and social
behavior
Serotonin Syndrome
- when there is too much serotonin in the body
- excessive nerve cell activity which can be fatal
(agitation, confusion, increased heart rate, tremors, fever)
Tricyclic Antidepressants
- blocks serotonin absorption
- overdose can cause cardiac dysrhythmias
- toxicity occurs when mixed with alcohol
Selective Serotonin Reuptake Inhibitors
- blocks serotonin absorption
- cannot be taken with anticoagulants because it can cause excessive bleeding
- high protein bound
Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitors
- reduce the activity of the enzyme MAO, which results in higher levels of
norepinephrine, serotonin and dopamine in the brain, enhancing mood
- break down catecholamines in the CNS
- taken with foods high in Tyramine can cause dangerously high blood pressure
Norepinephrine
influences sleep and alertness and is believed to be correlated to the fight or flight
stress response
Dopamine
influences body movements and is also believed to be involved in motivation, reward,
reinforcement and addictive behavior
MAOIs: side effect
- many patients experience dry mouth
- antidepressants prevent acetylcholine from reaching muscarinic receptors in the
salivary glands causing cotton mouth
Drug/Food Interaction - MAOIs
AVOID: cheese, processed meats and red wine
St. John's Wort
- when combined with antidepressants can cause adverse effects
- duloxetine and sertraline + St. John's Wort = Serotonin Syndrome
Opioids
