TABLE OF CONTENTS
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1.....................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................4
A. BACKGROUND...............................................................................................................................4
Reproduction is one of the characteristics of living things. Every living thing has to reproduce or
reproduce. In general, reproduction in living things can be divided into two types, namely sexual
reproduction (by marriage), and asexual reproduction (without marriage)......................................4
In sexual reproduction using sexual organs/tools in the form of male sex cells and female cells,
while in asexual reproduction, it does not use sexual organs/tools, so the reproduction process
uses organs, such as roots and stems in plants.................................................................................4
Sexual reproduction is also called generative reproduction, while asexual reproduction is also
called vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction is generally carried out by higher animals and
some plants, while asexual reproduction is generally carried out by lower animals and some
plants.................................................................................................................................................4
This paper discusses the reproductive system in living things, which includes the reproductive
process in humans, the reproductive process in animals, and the reproductive process in plants.. .4
B. PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................4
C. BENEFIT..........................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2.............................................................................................................................................5
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM..........................................................................................................5
Reproduction is the main characteristic of living things which aims to maintain the sustainability of
its kind. Reproduction in humans begins with the fusion of the male sex cell (sperm) with the
female sex cell (ovum) to produce a zygote. Based on the ownership of the genitals, humans are
grouped into organisms that are gonochoric (one individual has one genitals)................................5
The human reproductive system, both male and female, has four main components in the
reproductive system, namely:...........................................................................................................5
1. Organs that produce sex cells,.......................................................................................................5
2. Reproductive tract,........................................................................................................................5
3. Additional glands, and...................................................................................................................5
4. Copulation tools (intercourse).......................................................................................................5
1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......................................................................................................5
a. Testicles.........................................................................................................................................5
The testicles are the part of the genitals that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
Inside the testes there are several parts as follows...........................................................................6
1) Seminiferous tubules: tortuous channels where sperm formation (spermatogenesis occurs)......6
2) Leydig cells (intestial cells): function to produce the hormone testosterone................................6
3) Tunica albicans: the covering layer of the testes, in the form of a fibrous layer...........................6
4) Sertoli cells: function to provide food for sperm...........................................................................6
BIOLOGY 1
,b. Scrotum.........................................................................................................................................6
Is a sac that functions to keep the temperature of the testicles below body temperature or not far
below body temperature. When the air outside the scrotum is low, the scrotum will be closer to
the body (constricted) so that the testicles get a higher temperature. Conversely, if the
temperature is normal, the scrotum will move away from the body so that the testicular
temperature is not too high. This is because spermatogenesis does not take place well at normal
human body temperature.................................................................................................................6
c. Vas deferens...................................................................................................................................6
Serves to channel sperm to the urethra (urine channel which is also the channel for sperm
ejaculation). At the end there is an ampulla, which is a widening of this channel, its function is as
an opening for a bag of cement (vesica seminal)...............................................................................6
d. Epididymis......................................................................................................................................6
A tortuous channel that serves as a storage and maturation of sperm.............................................6
e. Urethra..........................................................................................................................................6
The urethra is a channel for sperm. The urethra functions to carry sperm out of the body..............6
f. Rectal tubule...................................................................................................................................6
The place where the ducts from the seminiferous tubules open......................................................6
g. Penis...............................................................................................................................................6
The penis is a means of copulation. Copulation is the event of the entry of the penis into the
vagina to reproduce (channel sperm cells)........................................................................................6
h. Additional glands...........................................................................................................................7
1) Semen sac (vesica seminal): Semen storage bag (nutrition for sperm).........................................7
2) Prostate gland: Produces a milky white liquid which is alkaline (this liquid serves to protect
sperm from an acidic environment which harms sperm while in the vagina so that sperm can
move actively.....................................................................................................................................7
3) Cowper's gland (Bolbouretra): Its function is to produce lubricating fluid (mucus) and add to
semen................................................................................................................................................7
2. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM...................................................................................................7
The female reproductive system consists of:.....................................................................................7
a. Ovaries (ovaries)............................................................................................................................7
A pair of ovaries are located in the abdominal cavity and function to produce eggs (ovum) and
hormones (estrogen and progesterone). The process of forming an ovum in the ovary cycles every
30 days and is called oogenesis. The mature egg cell will be released from the ovary. This event is
called ovulation.................................................................................................................................7
b. Fallopian tubes (oviducts)..............................................................................................................7
Is a pair of oviducts (right and left) with a length of 12 cm. The shape is similar to a funnel and
functions to catch the egg (ovum) and channel the ovum towards the uterus with peristaltic
movements and is assisted by the movement of cilia found on the walls of the fallopian tubes. It is
in this channel that fertilization of the ovum by sperm takes place..................................................7
c. Uterus............................................................................................................................................7
BIOLOGY 2
, This organ is shaped like a pouch and functions as a place for embryo implantation (ovum that is
fertilized by sperm will become an embryo). The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers of
tissue, namely the outer layer (serosa), the middle layer (myometrium) and the inner layer
(endometrium)..................................................................................................................................7
At the time of ovulation, the lining of the uterus thickens. However, if fertilization does not occur,
the lining of the uterus, which is supposed to be an implanted place for the embryo, will decay.
This event is called menstruation......................................................................................................7
Ovulation and menstruation have four stages:..................................................................................7
1) Menstrual stage; the stage where the uterine wall is expelled from the body due to a lack of
levels of the hormone progesterone.................................................................................................8
2) Preovulation stage; the period of formation and maturation of ovum in the ovary because it is
triggered by the hormone estrogen...................................................................................................8
3) Ovulation stage; The release of the egg from the ovary................................................................8
4) Postovulatory stage; egg setback period if fertilization does not occur. At this stage, there is an
increase in the amount of the hormone progesterone so that the lining of the uterus thickens. If
fertilization does not occur, the cell wall will decay, due to reduced levels of the hormone
progesterone.....................................................................................................................................8
d. Vagina............................................................................................................................................8
It is a means of female copulation as well as the passage of the fetus from the uterus to the world.
Apart from being a genital organ, the vagina also functions as a tool to expel the endometrial wall
which decays during menstruation....................................................................................................8
2) Gamete formation process............................................................................................................8
3) Embryo Fertilization and Development.........................................................................................9
CHAPTER 3...........................................................................................................................................12
ANIMAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM........................................................................................................12
Reproduction in animals also occurs both asexually and sexually. Lower animals can reproduce
both sexually and asexually. While higher animals only reproduce asexually.................................12
1. ASEXUAL BREEDING IN ANIMALS.................................................................................................12
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AT A HIGH LEVEL..................................................................................13
3. EXAMPLES OF REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS................................................................................14
CHAPTER 4...........................................................................................................................................15
PLANT REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM...........................................................................................................15
The reproductive system in plants is divided into vegetative and generative. In vegetative
reproduction of plants is divided into several parts, namely:..............................................................15
1. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION......................................................................................................15
2. GENERATIVE REPRODUCTION......................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 5...........................................................................................................................................18
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................18
Reproduction is the ability of living things to produce new offspring. The goal is to maintain the
species and preserve the species so that they do not become extinct.Reproduction in humans
BIOLOGY 3
TABLE OF CONTENTS.............................................................................................................................1
CHAPTER 1.....................................................................................................................................4
INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................4
A. BACKGROUND...............................................................................................................................4
Reproduction is one of the characteristics of living things. Every living thing has to reproduce or
reproduce. In general, reproduction in living things can be divided into two types, namely sexual
reproduction (by marriage), and asexual reproduction (without marriage)......................................4
In sexual reproduction using sexual organs/tools in the form of male sex cells and female cells,
while in asexual reproduction, it does not use sexual organs/tools, so the reproduction process
uses organs, such as roots and stems in plants.................................................................................4
Sexual reproduction is also called generative reproduction, while asexual reproduction is also
called vegetative reproduction. Sexual reproduction is generally carried out by higher animals and
some plants, while asexual reproduction is generally carried out by lower animals and some
plants.................................................................................................................................................4
This paper discusses the reproductive system in living things, which includes the reproductive
process in humans, the reproductive process in animals, and the reproductive process in plants.. .4
B. PURPOSE........................................................................................................................................4
C. BENEFIT..........................................................................................................................................5
CHAPTER 2.............................................................................................................................................5
HUMAN REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM..........................................................................................................5
Reproduction is the main characteristic of living things which aims to maintain the sustainability of
its kind. Reproduction in humans begins with the fusion of the male sex cell (sperm) with the
female sex cell (ovum) to produce a zygote. Based on the ownership of the genitals, humans are
grouped into organisms that are gonochoric (one individual has one genitals)................................5
The human reproductive system, both male and female, has four main components in the
reproductive system, namely:...........................................................................................................5
1. Organs that produce sex cells,.......................................................................................................5
2. Reproductive tract,........................................................................................................................5
3. Additional glands, and...................................................................................................................5
4. Copulation tools (intercourse).......................................................................................................5
1. MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM......................................................................................................5
a. Testicles.........................................................................................................................................5
The testicles are the part of the genitals that produce sperm and the hormone testosterone.
Inside the testes there are several parts as follows...........................................................................6
1) Seminiferous tubules: tortuous channels where sperm formation (spermatogenesis occurs)......6
2) Leydig cells (intestial cells): function to produce the hormone testosterone................................6
3) Tunica albicans: the covering layer of the testes, in the form of a fibrous layer...........................6
4) Sertoli cells: function to provide food for sperm...........................................................................6
BIOLOGY 1
,b. Scrotum.........................................................................................................................................6
Is a sac that functions to keep the temperature of the testicles below body temperature or not far
below body temperature. When the air outside the scrotum is low, the scrotum will be closer to
the body (constricted) so that the testicles get a higher temperature. Conversely, if the
temperature is normal, the scrotum will move away from the body so that the testicular
temperature is not too high. This is because spermatogenesis does not take place well at normal
human body temperature.................................................................................................................6
c. Vas deferens...................................................................................................................................6
Serves to channel sperm to the urethra (urine channel which is also the channel for sperm
ejaculation). At the end there is an ampulla, which is a widening of this channel, its function is as
an opening for a bag of cement (vesica seminal)...............................................................................6
d. Epididymis......................................................................................................................................6
A tortuous channel that serves as a storage and maturation of sperm.............................................6
e. Urethra..........................................................................................................................................6
The urethra is a channel for sperm. The urethra functions to carry sperm out of the body..............6
f. Rectal tubule...................................................................................................................................6
The place where the ducts from the seminiferous tubules open......................................................6
g. Penis...............................................................................................................................................6
The penis is a means of copulation. Copulation is the event of the entry of the penis into the
vagina to reproduce (channel sperm cells)........................................................................................6
h. Additional glands...........................................................................................................................7
1) Semen sac (vesica seminal): Semen storage bag (nutrition for sperm).........................................7
2) Prostate gland: Produces a milky white liquid which is alkaline (this liquid serves to protect
sperm from an acidic environment which harms sperm while in the vagina so that sperm can
move actively.....................................................................................................................................7
3) Cowper's gland (Bolbouretra): Its function is to produce lubricating fluid (mucus) and add to
semen................................................................................................................................................7
2. FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM...................................................................................................7
The female reproductive system consists of:.....................................................................................7
a. Ovaries (ovaries)............................................................................................................................7
A pair of ovaries are located in the abdominal cavity and function to produce eggs (ovum) and
hormones (estrogen and progesterone). The process of forming an ovum in the ovary cycles every
30 days and is called oogenesis. The mature egg cell will be released from the ovary. This event is
called ovulation.................................................................................................................................7
b. Fallopian tubes (oviducts)..............................................................................................................7
Is a pair of oviducts (right and left) with a length of 12 cm. The shape is similar to a funnel and
functions to catch the egg (ovum) and channel the ovum towards the uterus with peristaltic
movements and is assisted by the movement of cilia found on the walls of the fallopian tubes. It is
in this channel that fertilization of the ovum by sperm takes place..................................................7
c. Uterus............................................................................................................................................7
BIOLOGY 2
, This organ is shaped like a pouch and functions as a place for embryo implantation (ovum that is
fertilized by sperm will become an embryo). The wall of the uterus is composed of three layers of
tissue, namely the outer layer (serosa), the middle layer (myometrium) and the inner layer
(endometrium)..................................................................................................................................7
At the time of ovulation, the lining of the uterus thickens. However, if fertilization does not occur,
the lining of the uterus, which is supposed to be an implanted place for the embryo, will decay.
This event is called menstruation......................................................................................................7
Ovulation and menstruation have four stages:..................................................................................7
1) Menstrual stage; the stage where the uterine wall is expelled from the body due to a lack of
levels of the hormone progesterone.................................................................................................8
2) Preovulation stage; the period of formation and maturation of ovum in the ovary because it is
triggered by the hormone estrogen...................................................................................................8
3) Ovulation stage; The release of the egg from the ovary................................................................8
4) Postovulatory stage; egg setback period if fertilization does not occur. At this stage, there is an
increase in the amount of the hormone progesterone so that the lining of the uterus thickens. If
fertilization does not occur, the cell wall will decay, due to reduced levels of the hormone
progesterone.....................................................................................................................................8
d. Vagina............................................................................................................................................8
It is a means of female copulation as well as the passage of the fetus from the uterus to the world.
Apart from being a genital organ, the vagina also functions as a tool to expel the endometrial wall
which decays during menstruation....................................................................................................8
2) Gamete formation process............................................................................................................8
3) Embryo Fertilization and Development.........................................................................................9
CHAPTER 3...........................................................................................................................................12
ANIMAL REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM........................................................................................................12
Reproduction in animals also occurs both asexually and sexually. Lower animals can reproduce
both sexually and asexually. While higher animals only reproduce asexually.................................12
1. ASEXUAL BREEDING IN ANIMALS.................................................................................................12
2. SEXUAL REPRODUCTION AT A HIGH LEVEL..................................................................................13
3. EXAMPLES OF REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS................................................................................14
CHAPTER 4...........................................................................................................................................15
PLANT REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM...........................................................................................................15
The reproductive system in plants is divided into vegetative and generative. In vegetative
reproduction of plants is divided into several parts, namely:..............................................................15
1. VEGETATIVE REPRODUCTION......................................................................................................15
2. GENERATIVE REPRODUCTION......................................................................................................17
CHAPTER 5...........................................................................................................................................18
CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................................18
Reproduction is the ability of living things to produce new offspring. The goal is to maintain the
species and preserve the species so that they do not become extinct.Reproduction in humans
BIOLOGY 3
