BIOL 235: Human Anatomy and Physiology (Rev. C12)

BIOL 235: Human Anatomy and Physiology (Rev. C12) With regards to effort and load, describe the main difference between a lever operating with a mechanical advantage versus a lever operating at a mechanical disadvantage Name and describe the locations and actions of the muscles typically used in breathing. Describe how K+ permeability and Na+/K+ pump activity contribute to the unequal distribution of ions and charges, thereby establishing a resting membrane potential. 4. Describe the difference between spatial and temporal summation in a postsynaptic neuron. 5. Describe the gross external and cross-sectional anatomy of the spinal cord. 6. Describe the role of all components of a crossed extensor reflex. 7. Describe the structure and function of the blood–brain barrier and explain why the crushing injury of the occipital bone is often fatal. 8. Describe the structural and functional relationship between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland. 9. Explain why the sympathetic division of the ANS has more widespread and longerlasting effects than the parasympathetic division. 10. Compare and contrast the overall responses of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions, including specific effects at various visceral effectors. 11. A viral infection has damaged a patient’s tectospinal tract. What signs of this damage probably helped the physicians diagnose the problem? 12. List the six types of sensory receptors classified based on the type of stimulus they detect and describe the types of stimuli that each type can detect. Classify the three types of sensory receptors categorized based on their location; identify the origin of stimuli that activate them; and describe the nature of the stimuli that cause their excitation. 13. Describe the process of image formation on the retina, and contrast light and dark adaptation. Include the role of the rods and cones in your description. 14. Differentiate between vertical and horizontal linear acceleration and deceleration. Describe the inner ear structures involved in receiving and transducing sensations involved in maintaining both types of equilibria. 15. Explain the mechanism by which a deficiency of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRh) will lead to infertility in both a male and a female. 16. Describe how increased blood glucose levels respond to increased eating and describe how insulin affects liver and adipose cells. 17. A patient appears to have an infection but is not sure if the infection is bacterial, viral, fungal, or parasitic. Which blood test should be ordered and how would the causative agent of the infection be determined? 18. Describe the negative feedback loop that controls the rate of erythropoiesis. Under what circumstances would you expect the rate of erythropoiesis to increase? How would it be possible to tell if the rate of erythropoiesis is elevated? 19. Explain the importance of calcium ions to cardiac physiology. 20. What is the relationship between an individual who is exercising strenuously, causing his or her heart rate to exceed 160 beats/minute, and the Frank–Starling law of the heart?