MARKING SCHEME
EEME 2232: ENGINEERING PRODUCT INNOVATION & RAPID PROTOTYPING
EEMF 2253: ENGINEERING PRODUCT INNOVATION
SECTION A: (COMPULSORY) AUGUST 2019 MARKING SCHEME
QUESTION ONE [20 MARKS].
a) Briefly explain the meaning of the following terms as used in engineering product
innovation and rapid prototyping [4MARKS].
i. Design - is the process of envisioning and planning the transformation of ideas into
desired objects or systems that are intended to satisfy certain societal needs,✓.
ii. Additive manufacturing-industrial production process in which three-dimensional
components are made by adding layer upon layer of material either in solid, liquid or
power form. ✓.
iii. Benchmarking- is a process of measuring the performance of a company’s products,
services, or processes against those of another business considered to be the best in the
industry✓. OR
A systematic process for comparing performance or processes in different organizations,
or between different parts of the same organisation, in order to learn whether, and how,
things can be done better✓.
iv. Intellectual property- is the collective term for creations of the mind, such as inventions;
literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images. OR a category of
property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. ✓.
b) Differentiate the following terms [6 MARKS].
i. Product Life Cycle Vs Product Development
• Product life cycle -a sequence that describes the progress through which a product idea is
first thought of, its development, introduction, growth, maturity and removal from the
market while product development typically refers to all of the stages involved in
bringing a product from concept or idea, through market release and beyond. ✓.✓.
ii. Invention Vs Innovation ✓.✓.
BASIS FOR INVENTION INNOVATION
COMPARISON
Meaning Invention refers to the occurrence of an Innovation implies the implementation
idea for a product or process that has of idea for product or process for the
never been made before. very first time. ✓.
What is it? Creation of a new product. Adding value to something already
existing. ✓.
Concept An original idea and its working in Practical implementation of new idea.
theory. ✓.
Skills required Scientific skills Set of marketing, technical and strategic
skills. ✓.
Occurs when New idea strikes a scientist. A need is felt for a product or
improvement in existing product. ✓.
Concerned with Single product or process. Combination of various products and
process. ✓.
1
,Activities Limited to R & D department. Spread across the organization. ✓.
iii. Copyrights Vs Rights ✓.✓.
• copyright the exclusive and assignable legal right, given to the originator for a
fixed number of years, to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic,
or musical material while rights (IPR) re legal rights aimed at protecting the
creations of the intellect, such as inventions, the appearance of products, literary,
artistic and scientific works and signs, among others. ✓✓
c) Explain the meaning of technology transfer and discuss its role in innovation [6
MARKS].
• Technology Transfer is the process of disseminating well developed scientific
research and knowledge from the originator to the secondary user amongst
various parties such as organizations, institutions, countries or governments. ✓✓
Role of technology transfer:
• Technology transfer supports all the pillars of the new global economy:
innovation, technology, entrepreneurship and knowledge. ✓
• Creates technology commercialization of new products hence business creation is
enhanced.
• Production systems are efficiently developed to reduce defects and increase
quality. ✓
• Potential source of revenue especially for inventions. ✓
• Productivity of the company in terms of global competition is enhanced. ✓
d) Differentiate between tessellation and rapid prototyping [2 MARKS].
• Tessellation is the tiling flat surface of three-dimensional model with one or more
geometric shapes such that there is no over-laps or gaps while rapid prototyping is
process in which three-dimensional computer models are fast manufactured
through addition or subtraction techniques. ✓✓
• Tessellation is the process of tiling a surface with one or more geometric shapes
such that there are no overlaps or gaps.
• Tessellation can involve simple geometric shapes or very complicated (and
imaginative) shapes.
e) Explain any 2 metrics used in the measurement of innovation and its limitations [3
MARKS].
2
, f) Briefly discuss the steps used in Rapid Prototyping technology [5 MARKS].
• Creation of the Cad model by either Design or Reverse engineering through
Scanning of the existing product. ✓.
• Conversion of the CAD model into Standard Tessellation Language (STL)
format. ✓.
• Slicing of the STL file into thin sections by either triangulation (Triangulation of
geometric surface to avoid overlaps) or direct cutting in CAD systems. ✓.
• Use of Rpdata software to create support structures for the sliced part. ½ ✓.
• Platform part origin setup and build up part layer by layer. ½ ✓.
• Post processing, finishing and joining of the built part. ✓.
g) Discuss the phases of the product life cycle using illustrations [4 MARKS].
1. Development stage✓.
• Idea generation of product in accordance with the customer preferences and
requirements.
• Feasibility of product viability is carried by Marketing department to potential
customers.
• Research and development builds product in liaison with product cost and
customer requirements.
3
EEME 2232: ENGINEERING PRODUCT INNOVATION & RAPID PROTOTYPING
EEMF 2253: ENGINEERING PRODUCT INNOVATION
SECTION A: (COMPULSORY) AUGUST 2019 MARKING SCHEME
QUESTION ONE [20 MARKS].
a) Briefly explain the meaning of the following terms as used in engineering product
innovation and rapid prototyping [4MARKS].
i. Design - is the process of envisioning and planning the transformation of ideas into
desired objects or systems that are intended to satisfy certain societal needs,✓.
ii. Additive manufacturing-industrial production process in which three-dimensional
components are made by adding layer upon layer of material either in solid, liquid or
power form. ✓.
iii. Benchmarking- is a process of measuring the performance of a company’s products,
services, or processes against those of another business considered to be the best in the
industry✓. OR
A systematic process for comparing performance or processes in different organizations,
or between different parts of the same organisation, in order to learn whether, and how,
things can be done better✓.
iv. Intellectual property- is the collective term for creations of the mind, such as inventions;
literary and artistic works; designs; and symbols, names and images. OR a category of
property that includes intangible creations of the human intellect. ✓.
b) Differentiate the following terms [6 MARKS].
i. Product Life Cycle Vs Product Development
• Product life cycle -a sequence that describes the progress through which a product idea is
first thought of, its development, introduction, growth, maturity and removal from the
market while product development typically refers to all of the stages involved in
bringing a product from concept or idea, through market release and beyond. ✓.✓.
ii. Invention Vs Innovation ✓.✓.
BASIS FOR INVENTION INNOVATION
COMPARISON
Meaning Invention refers to the occurrence of an Innovation implies the implementation
idea for a product or process that has of idea for product or process for the
never been made before. very first time. ✓.
What is it? Creation of a new product. Adding value to something already
existing. ✓.
Concept An original idea and its working in Practical implementation of new idea.
theory. ✓.
Skills required Scientific skills Set of marketing, technical and strategic
skills. ✓.
Occurs when New idea strikes a scientist. A need is felt for a product or
improvement in existing product. ✓.
Concerned with Single product or process. Combination of various products and
process. ✓.
1
,Activities Limited to R & D department. Spread across the organization. ✓.
iii. Copyrights Vs Rights ✓.✓.
• copyright the exclusive and assignable legal right, given to the originator for a
fixed number of years, to print, publish, perform, film, or record literary, artistic,
or musical material while rights (IPR) re legal rights aimed at protecting the
creations of the intellect, such as inventions, the appearance of products, literary,
artistic and scientific works and signs, among others. ✓✓
c) Explain the meaning of technology transfer and discuss its role in innovation [6
MARKS].
• Technology Transfer is the process of disseminating well developed scientific
research and knowledge from the originator to the secondary user amongst
various parties such as organizations, institutions, countries or governments. ✓✓
Role of technology transfer:
• Technology transfer supports all the pillars of the new global economy:
innovation, technology, entrepreneurship and knowledge. ✓
• Creates technology commercialization of new products hence business creation is
enhanced.
• Production systems are efficiently developed to reduce defects and increase
quality. ✓
• Potential source of revenue especially for inventions. ✓
• Productivity of the company in terms of global competition is enhanced. ✓
d) Differentiate between tessellation and rapid prototyping [2 MARKS].
• Tessellation is the tiling flat surface of three-dimensional model with one or more
geometric shapes such that there is no over-laps or gaps while rapid prototyping is
process in which three-dimensional computer models are fast manufactured
through addition or subtraction techniques. ✓✓
• Tessellation is the process of tiling a surface with one or more geometric shapes
such that there are no overlaps or gaps.
• Tessellation can involve simple geometric shapes or very complicated (and
imaginative) shapes.
e) Explain any 2 metrics used in the measurement of innovation and its limitations [3
MARKS].
2
, f) Briefly discuss the steps used in Rapid Prototyping technology [5 MARKS].
• Creation of the Cad model by either Design or Reverse engineering through
Scanning of the existing product. ✓.
• Conversion of the CAD model into Standard Tessellation Language (STL)
format. ✓.
• Slicing of the STL file into thin sections by either triangulation (Triangulation of
geometric surface to avoid overlaps) or direct cutting in CAD systems. ✓.
• Use of Rpdata software to create support structures for the sliced part. ½ ✓.
• Platform part origin setup and build up part layer by layer. ½ ✓.
• Post processing, finishing and joining of the built part. ✓.
g) Discuss the phases of the product life cycle using illustrations [4 MARKS].
1. Development stage✓.
• Idea generation of product in accordance with the customer preferences and
requirements.
• Feasibility of product viability is carried by Marketing department to potential
customers.
• Research and development builds product in liaison with product cost and
customer requirements.
3
