WGU PATHO D236 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Turner syndrome - ✔A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an *X
chromosome* is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
Tay-Sachs Disease - ✔A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a
dysfunctional enzyme leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain.
Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually
become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
Down syndrome - ✔A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated
physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Diabetes Insipidus - ✔Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is
resistant to its effect. The *serum sodium is often elevated* due to excess free water
losses.
In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't
properly concentrate urine.
Cardiac Valve Disease Process - ✔In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in
your heart doesn't work properly. Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the
valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve.
This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart.
Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it
limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood
with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve(s).
Cardiac Valve Complications - ✔Heart valve disease can cause many complications,
including:
* Heart failure.
* Stroke.
* Blood clots.
* Heart rhythm abnormalities.
* Death.
Respiratory Illness from bats - ✔*Viral hemorrhagic fevers* are spread by contact with
infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a
variety of animal and insect hosts.
Most commonly, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, or bats. Some viral
hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person.
Anemia - ✔Different types of anemia include:
,WGU PATHO D236 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency
Anemia due to iron deficiency
Anemia of chronic disease
Hemolytic anemia
Idiopathic aplastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia
Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation - ✔The kidneys have two main
ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the
urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine.
By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream's pH.
Pyelonephritis - ✔Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Prostate cancer - ✔Cancer of the prostate gland usually occurs in men middle-aged
and older.
Artery response during blood loss.
Does cell shrink or swell ? - ✔*Vasoconstriction*
Marfan Syndrome - Autosomal dominant trait - ✔This condition is inherited in an
autosomal dominant pattern , which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is
sufficient to cause the disorder.
At least 25 percent of Marfan syndrome cases result from a new mutation in the FBN1
gene
Spina Bifida - ✔Not having enough *folic acid* during pregnancy is one of the most
important factors that can increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida.
Bursitis - ✔Inflammation of a bursa sac. Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads (bursae)
that act as cushions at the joints.
Sprains and Strains - ✔A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while
severely stressing a joint.A strain occurs when tendons (bands at the end of muscles
that connect muscles to bones) get stretched or pulled away from the bone.
Endometriosis - ✔# *Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)*. Pelvic pain and cramping may
begin before and extend several days into a menstrual period.
,WGU PATHO D236 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
#Lower back and abdominal pain.
#Pain with intercourse. Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis.
#Pain with bowel movements or urination. You're most likely to experience these
symptoms during a menstrual period.
#Excessive bleeding. You may experience occasional heavy menstrual periods or
bleeding between periods (intermenstrual bleeding).
#Infertility. Sometimes, endometriosis is first diagnosed in those seeking treatment for
infertility.
#Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual
periods.
Ulcerative colitis - ✔Ulcerative colitis is an *autoimmune disease of the large intestine*,
specifically the *colon and rectum*.
It affects the mucosal layer of the large intestine.
#Aortic stenosis/regurgitation
#Mitral stenosis/regurgitation - ✔*Mitral valve stenosis* occurs when the mitral valve in
the heart narrows, restricting blood flow into the main pumping chamber. The mitral
valve may also leak, causing *blood to flow back through the valve each time the left
ventricle contracts*. This condition is called mitral valve regurgitation.
*Backflow of blood* is caused by failure of the heart's mitral valve to close tightly.
*Mitral valve regurgitation* is a condition in which the heart's mitral valve does not close
tightly, which allows *blood to flow backward in the heart*.
How could the provider distinguish ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease? - ✔*Ulcerative
colitis only affects the large intestine*, while *Crohn's disease can affect the entire
length of the gastrointestinal tract*. While diarrhea can occur in both, ulcerative colitis is
more likely to present with blood in the stool.
A colonoscopy will show pseudopolyps for ulcerative colitis but will show a cobblestone
appearance for Crohn's disease.
Pancreatitis - ✔Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic
disorder.
, WGU PATHO D236 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
With acute pancreatitis, there is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation. With
chronic pancreatitis, the gland undergoes repeated episodes of inflammation and
gradual deterioration.
Acute pancreatitis can be caused by
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol consumption
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury,
#Certain medications and toxins.
Peritonsillar abscess - ✔A complication of tonsillitis in which the infection spreads
behind the tonsils.
A peritonsillar abscess occurs when a collection of pus forms and infection spreads
beyond the tonsils into the neck and chest. Swollen tissues can block the airway.
Symptoms include fever, difficulty swallowing, and severe throat pain. Antibiotics can
treat an early infection. Sometimes a collection of pus needs to be drained by a
procedure called incision and drainage.
Ulcers - ✔The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells,
also termed peptic ulcer. The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the
gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer.
Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that forms in the upper small intestine. The
most common symptom of a duodenal ulcer is a pain in the mid to upper stomach
region, especially if this pain intensifies when the stomach is empty or if the pain wakes
you up in the middle of the night.
Esophageal ulcers are ulcers that develop inside of the esophagus. These ulcers can
typically be treated with changes to lifestyle and diet, coupled with certain medications
and other treatments.
Cranial nerves - ✔*I Olfactory -Sensory- Smell
*II Optic - Sensory - Vision
*III Oculomotor - Motor - Extraocular movements (EOMs) and pupil response
*IV Trochlear - Motor - EOMs
*V Trigeminal - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial sensation, Masseter muscle control
of chewing
*VI Abducens - Motor - EOMs
*VII Facial - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial expressions and taste over anterior two-
thirds of tongue
*VIII Auditory or Vestibulocochlear -Sensory- Hearing and equilibrium
*IX Glossopharyngeal - Mixed (motor and sensory) -Elevation of pharynx in swallowing,
taste over posterior one-third of tongue, and salivation
Turner syndrome - ✔A chromosomal disorder in females in which either an *X
chromosome* is missing, making the person XO instead of XX, or part of one X
chromosome is deleted.
Tay-Sachs Disease - ✔A human genetic disease caused by a recessive allele for a
dysfunctional enzyme leads to the accumulation of certain lipids in the brain.
Seizures, blindness, and degeneration of motor and mental performance usually
become manifest a few months after birth, followed by death within a few years.
Down syndrome - ✔A condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated
physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21
Diabetes Insipidus - ✔Antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately, or the kidney is
resistant to its effect. The *serum sodium is often elevated* due to excess free water
losses.
In diabetes insipidus, your blood glucose levels are normal, but your kidneys can't
properly concentrate urine.
Cardiac Valve Disease Process - ✔In heart valve disease, one or more of the valves in
your heart doesn't work properly. Regurgitation (or leakage of the valve). When the
valve(s) do not close completely, it causes blood to flow backward through the valve.
This reduces forward blood flow and can lead to volume overload in the heart.
Stenosis (or narrowing of the valve). When the valve(s) opening becomes narrowed, it
limits the flow of blood out of the ventricles or atria. The heart is forced to pump blood
with increased force to move blood through the narrowed or stiff (stenotic) valve(s).
Cardiac Valve Complications - ✔Heart valve disease can cause many complications,
including:
* Heart failure.
* Stroke.
* Blood clots.
* Heart rhythm abnormalities.
* Death.
Respiratory Illness from bats - ✔*Viral hemorrhagic fevers* are spread by contact with
infected animals or insects. The viruses that cause viral hemorrhagic fevers live in a
variety of animal and insect hosts.
Most commonly, the hosts include mosquitoes, ticks, rodents, or bats. Some viral
hemorrhagic fevers can also be spread from person to person.
Anemia - ✔Different types of anemia include:
,WGU PATHO D236 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
Anemia due to vitamin B12 deficiency
Anemia due to folate (folic acid) deficiency
Anemia due to iron deficiency
Anemia of chronic disease
Hemolytic anemia
Idiopathic aplastic anemia
Megaloblastic anemia
Pernicious anemia
Sickle cell anemia
Thalassemia
Acid Base Balance - lung and kidney compensation - ✔The kidneys have two main
ways to maintain acid-base balance - their cells reabsorb bicarbonate HCO3− from the
urine back to the blood and they secrete hydrogen H+ ions into the urine.
By adjusting the amounts reabsorbed and secreted, they balance the bloodstream's pH.
Pyelonephritis - ✔Inflammation of the renal pelvis and the kidney
Prostate cancer - ✔Cancer of the prostate gland usually occurs in men middle-aged
and older.
Artery response during blood loss.
Does cell shrink or swell ? - ✔*Vasoconstriction*
Marfan Syndrome - Autosomal dominant trait - ✔This condition is inherited in an
autosomal dominant pattern , which means one copy of the altered gene in each cell is
sufficient to cause the disorder.
At least 25 percent of Marfan syndrome cases result from a new mutation in the FBN1
gene
Spina Bifida - ✔Not having enough *folic acid* during pregnancy is one of the most
important factors that can increase the chances of having a child with spina bifida.
Bursitis - ✔Inflammation of a bursa sac. Inflammation of the fluid-filled pads (bursae)
that act as cushions at the joints.
Sprains and Strains - ✔A sprain occurs when you overextend or tear a ligament while
severely stressing a joint.A strain occurs when tendons (bands at the end of muscles
that connect muscles to bones) get stretched or pulled away from the bone.
Endometriosis - ✔# *Painful periods (dysmenorrhea)*. Pelvic pain and cramping may
begin before and extend several days into a menstrual period.
,WGU PATHO D236 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
#Lower back and abdominal pain.
#Pain with intercourse. Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis.
#Pain with bowel movements or urination. You're most likely to experience these
symptoms during a menstrual period.
#Excessive bleeding. You may experience occasional heavy menstrual periods or
bleeding between periods (intermenstrual bleeding).
#Infertility. Sometimes, endometriosis is first diagnosed in those seeking treatment for
infertility.
#Fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual
periods.
Ulcerative colitis - ✔Ulcerative colitis is an *autoimmune disease of the large intestine*,
specifically the *colon and rectum*.
It affects the mucosal layer of the large intestine.
#Aortic stenosis/regurgitation
#Mitral stenosis/regurgitation - ✔*Mitral valve stenosis* occurs when the mitral valve in
the heart narrows, restricting blood flow into the main pumping chamber. The mitral
valve may also leak, causing *blood to flow back through the valve each time the left
ventricle contracts*. This condition is called mitral valve regurgitation.
*Backflow of blood* is caused by failure of the heart's mitral valve to close tightly.
*Mitral valve regurgitation* is a condition in which the heart's mitral valve does not close
tightly, which allows *blood to flow backward in the heart*.
How could the provider distinguish ulcerative colitis from Crohn disease? - ✔*Ulcerative
colitis only affects the large intestine*, while *Crohn's disease can affect the entire
length of the gastrointestinal tract*. While diarrhea can occur in both, ulcerative colitis is
more likely to present with blood in the stool.
A colonoscopy will show pseudopolyps for ulcerative colitis but will show a cobblestone
appearance for Crohn's disease.
Pancreatitis - ✔Pancreatitis is inflammation of the pancreas that causes pancreatic
insufficiency, malabsorption, and diabetes. Pancreatitis can be an acute or chronic
disorder.
, WGU PATHO D236 EXAM-QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
With acute pancreatitis, there is a sudden, short-term episode of inflammation. With
chronic pancreatitis, the gland undergoes repeated episodes of inflammation and
gradual deterioration.
Acute pancreatitis can be caused by
#Gallstones
#Excessive alcohol consumption
#High blood triglycerides
#Abdominal injury,
#Certain medications and toxins.
Peritonsillar abscess - ✔A complication of tonsillitis in which the infection spreads
behind the tonsils.
A peritonsillar abscess occurs when a collection of pus forms and infection spreads
beyond the tonsils into the neck and chest. Swollen tissues can block the airway.
Symptoms include fever, difficulty swallowing, and severe throat pain. Antibiotics can
treat an early infection. Sometimes a collection of pus needs to be drained by a
procedure called incision and drainage.
Ulcers - ✔The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the gastrointestinal cells,
also termed peptic ulcer. The constant acid irritation leads to ulceration of the
gastrointestinal cells, also termed peptic ulcer.
Duodenal ulcers are a type of peptic ulcer that forms in the upper small intestine. The
most common symptom of a duodenal ulcer is a pain in the mid to upper stomach
region, especially if this pain intensifies when the stomach is empty or if the pain wakes
you up in the middle of the night.
Esophageal ulcers are ulcers that develop inside of the esophagus. These ulcers can
typically be treated with changes to lifestyle and diet, coupled with certain medications
and other treatments.
Cranial nerves - ✔*I Olfactory -Sensory- Smell
*II Optic - Sensory - Vision
*III Oculomotor - Motor - Extraocular movements (EOMs) and pupil response
*IV Trochlear - Motor - EOMs
*V Trigeminal - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial sensation, Masseter muscle control
of chewing
*VI Abducens - Motor - EOMs
*VII Facial - Mixed (motor and sensory)- Facial expressions and taste over anterior two-
thirds of tongue
*VIII Auditory or Vestibulocochlear -Sensory- Hearing and equilibrium
*IX Glossopharyngeal - Mixed (motor and sensory) -Elevation of pharynx in swallowing,
taste over posterior one-third of tongue, and salivation
