Health and social care notes
A1
The menopause involves:
▸ gradual ending of menstruation (or stopping having periods) and a large reduction of fertile eggs in
the ovaries.
▸ an increase in the production of hormones called gonadotropins that try to stimulate egg
production, which can cause irritability, hot flushes and night sweats.
▸ a reduction in the sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) produced by a woman’s ovaries,
resulting in some shrinkage of sexual organs and sometimes a reduction in sexual interest.
▸ associated problems such as osteoporosis, which can be caused by a reduction in the production of
sex hormones.
A2 Intellectual development across the life stages
Language development, which is essential for organising thoughts and to share and express ideas. It
is also important for clarification.
2 Problem solving is an important skill that is required both to work things out and to make
predictions about what might happen.
3 Memory is required for storing, recalling and retrieving information.
4 Moral development allows for reasoning and making choices and informs the individual how to act
in particular situations and how to act towards self and others.
5 Abstract thoughts and creative thinking are essential for thinking and discussing situations and
events that cannot be observed.
Piaget theory
Criticism of Piaget stages (sensorimotor etc.)
Some critics believe that Piaget underestimated children development ant that with support they
can move more quickly to the next stage of development.
, Conservation
1.the child is 4. he is shown two identical glasses with same amount of water in each.
2. the water from one glass is poured into a tall, narrow beaker.
3.the child believes that the tall, narrow beaker contains more water.
Egocentrism- is best described as a young child’s inability to see a situation from another person’s
point of view.
Chomsky theory
He believed that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically
programmed into individuals. This means that all individuals have the ability to understand
and use language, regardless of other abilities, and to become fluent in their first language
by the age of five or six.
Chomsky believes that a child could not possibly learn a new language through imitation
alone because the grammar and syntax of the language around them is often highly
irregular. For example, an adult’s speech is often broken up, and they use slang or jargon
and ungrammatical sentence construction. Chomsky believes that babies need to
experience other people using language but that they do not need to be trained in order to
speak.
A3
Bowlby theory for attachment.
He believed that children were biologically preprogramed to form attachments and that
infancy is a critical period for forming positive attachments. This led Bowlby to consider
problems associated with early separation from the primary caregiver.
Bowlby suggested that attachment could be understood as evolving from the caregiver
providing safety and security for the infant. According to Bowlby, infants have a universal
need to seek close proximity with their caregiver when under stress or feeling threatened.
Key terms
Deprivation – being deprived of a caregiver to whom an attachment already exists
Privation – being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachment.
A1
The menopause involves:
▸ gradual ending of menstruation (or stopping having periods) and a large reduction of fertile eggs in
the ovaries.
▸ an increase in the production of hormones called gonadotropins that try to stimulate egg
production, which can cause irritability, hot flushes and night sweats.
▸ a reduction in the sex hormones (oestrogen and progesterone) produced by a woman’s ovaries,
resulting in some shrinkage of sexual organs and sometimes a reduction in sexual interest.
▸ associated problems such as osteoporosis, which can be caused by a reduction in the production of
sex hormones.
A2 Intellectual development across the life stages
Language development, which is essential for organising thoughts and to share and express ideas. It
is also important for clarification.
2 Problem solving is an important skill that is required both to work things out and to make
predictions about what might happen.
3 Memory is required for storing, recalling and retrieving information.
4 Moral development allows for reasoning and making choices and informs the individual how to act
in particular situations and how to act towards self and others.
5 Abstract thoughts and creative thinking are essential for thinking and discussing situations and
events that cannot be observed.
Piaget theory
Criticism of Piaget stages (sensorimotor etc.)
Some critics believe that Piaget underestimated children development ant that with support they
can move more quickly to the next stage of development.
, Conservation
1.the child is 4. he is shown two identical glasses with same amount of water in each.
2. the water from one glass is poured into a tall, narrow beaker.
3.the child believes that the tall, narrow beaker contains more water.
Egocentrism- is best described as a young child’s inability to see a situation from another person’s
point of view.
Chomsky theory
He believed that the ability to develop a signed or spoken language is genetically
programmed into individuals. This means that all individuals have the ability to understand
and use language, regardless of other abilities, and to become fluent in their first language
by the age of five or six.
Chomsky believes that a child could not possibly learn a new language through imitation
alone because the grammar and syntax of the language around them is often highly
irregular. For example, an adult’s speech is often broken up, and they use slang or jargon
and ungrammatical sentence construction. Chomsky believes that babies need to
experience other people using language but that they do not need to be trained in order to
speak.
A3
Bowlby theory for attachment.
He believed that children were biologically preprogramed to form attachments and that
infancy is a critical period for forming positive attachments. This led Bowlby to consider
problems associated with early separation from the primary caregiver.
Bowlby suggested that attachment could be understood as evolving from the caregiver
providing safety and security for the infant. According to Bowlby, infants have a universal
need to seek close proximity with their caregiver when under stress or feeling threatened.
Key terms
Deprivation – being deprived of a caregiver to whom an attachment already exists
Privation – being deprived of the opportunity to form an attachment.
