Updated FISDAP AIRWAY study guide With
Correct Questions And Answers 100%
From the atmosphere, what structures does air pass through during
ventilation? -ANSWER Starts in atmosphere, then nose, nasopharyngeal
space/orophargyneal space (if mouth breather), then pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What is the purpose of the nasal passages and nasopharynx? -ANSWER To
warm/humidify air as it passes through
What is the difference between respiration and ventilation? -ANSWER
Respiration refers to the exchange of gases in the alveoli, ventilation refers
to the movement of air into the lungs. Respiration is needed to provide O2 to
cells and remove waste products. Also regulates pH of blood.
What are the structures of the upper airway? -ANSWER nose, mouth,
tongue, jaw, pharynx and larynx
What structure is considered a landmark that divides the upper airway from
lower? -ANSWER The larynx, anything above is upper. The larynx and below
are lower.
What are the structures of the lower airways? -ANSWER larynx (includes
adam's apple/thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage),
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Describe the anatomy of the larynx. -ANSWER From superior to inferior.
Thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, and cricoid membrane. The
thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage are anterior to the larynx, and the
cricothyroid membrane is posterior to both structures.
True or false: the lungs are completely equal in the midsaggital plane. -
ANSWER False, right lungs has 3 lobes, left lung only has 2 lobes. Together
they have 5 total. Also, the right bronchi is inferior to the left bronchi.
What are the structures of the lungs in order of ventilation? -ANSWER
bronchioles, and alveoli
True or false: the lungs use muscles found in the lateral lobes to expand and
contract? -ANSWER False: the lungs are hollow organs and contain no
muscles. When the diaphragm contracts it expands the thoracic cavity. The
pleural space has a negative pressure and the lungs expand. This results in a
slightly negative pressure (compared to the atmosphere) and air rushes in.
,True or false: Air rushes into the lungs because of negative pressure. -
ANSWER True, when the lungs expand, they are creating a vacuum because
they are expanding the volume of the container. This increase in volume
causes influx of air into the container until the pressure is equalized with the
atmosphere.
True or false: The parietal pleura lines the lungs and the visceral pleura lines
the lungs. The space between is called the anterior pleura. -ANSWER False:
the visceral pleura lines the lungs, the parietal pleura lines the body cavity
and the pleural space is the space in between both where body fluid allows
for both to smoothly glide.
What muscles are involved in inhalation? -ANSWER The diaphragm, cervical
muscles (neck), intercostals, abdominal muscles, and pectoral muscles.
What muscles are involved in expiration? -ANSWER none, expiration (if done
passively) is achieved by the relaxation of the diaphragm.
What is the primary driver of respiration? (Why would we increase/decrease
RR?) -ANSWER The CSF in the brain has chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2.
When there is too much CO2. The pH changes. These sensors feed back to
the medulla oblongata, which stimulates the phrenic nerve which innervates
the diaphragm. They cause an increase in activity of the diaphragm. This
increases the RR which causes us to increase tidal volume. This means more
CO2 is exhaled. And brings our pH back to normal.
We also have the less sensitive hypoxic drive
What is hypoxic drive? -ANSWER Backup system to control respiration.
Chemoreceptors in brain, aorta, and carotid arteries. But they are "satisfied"
by a small amount of O2, which means it is not as sensitive as pH control of
CO2
What two areas of the brain are involved in respiration? -ANSWER medulla-
controls rhythm, initiates inspiration, sets base pattern for respirations, and
stimulates diaphragm to contract.
pons-changes depth of inspiration, expiration or both.
True or false: arteries bring oxygenated blood to organs/capillaries -ANSWER
True in most cases with one exception. Arteries (away) bring blood away
from the heart. Usually this is oxygenated blood. But the pulmonary arteries
bring oxygen poor blood away from the heart, to the lungs to be oxygenated.
,What is the tidal volume? -ANSWER amount of air moved in/out of lungs in
single breath. Usually 500 ml in adult
What is inspiratory reserve volume? -ANSWER Deepest breath you can take
after normal respiration
What is expiratory reserve volume/Vital Capacity? -ANSWER maximum
amount you can breathe out after normal breath.
What is residual volume? -ANSWER Remaining gas in lungs after exhalation.
This is to keep lungs inflated
What is dead space? What structures are considered part of dead space? -
ANSWER Part of respiratory system not involved in active respiration. Air
moves through here but little to no respiration occurs. Mouth, trachea,
bronchi and bronchioles considered dead space
What is minute volume? What does it measure? -ANSWER Minute volume =
RR x tidal volume. Volume of air moving through lungs in 1 minute. Can be
estimated quickly. Count RR rate. If normal check to see chest rise and fall
(tidal volume). If chest rise and fall is weak and/or little air coming out of
nose, then the person has small minute volume.
Alveolar Minute Volume -ANSWER Volume of air moved through lungs in 1
minute minus the dead space. Alveolar Minute Volume = (tidal volume -
dead space) x RR
Alveolar Ventilation -ANSWER Volume of air that reaches alveoli.
Alveolar ventilation = tidal volume - dead space
Name the characteristics of normal breathing -ANSWER 1. Normal rate (12-
20)
2. regular pattern of inhalation/exhalation
3. clear bilateral lung sounds
4. regular and equal chest rise/fall
5. adequate depth (tidal volume)
What are the characteristics of inadequate breathing (adults)? -ANSWER
Chapter 6
1. labored breathing (activating accessory muscles of respiration)
2. 12< or >20 breaths/minute
3. muscle retractions above clavicles or between ribs and below rib cage
4. pale/cyanotic skin
5. cool, damp, clammy skin
6. tripod position
, Chapter 10
1. 12< or 20>
2. irregular rhythm
3. diminished, absent or noisy auscultated breath sounds
4. reduced flow of expired air at nose/mouth
5. unequal or inadequate chest expansion
6. labored breathing
7. shallow depth
8. pale, cyanotic, cool or moist skin
9. retractions around ribs or above clavicles
What are agonal gasps? What should you do if a pt has agonal gasps? -
ANSWER Pt in cardiac arrest has occasional gasping breaths because
respiratory center in brain continues to send signals to breathing muscles.
Artificial ventilations and chest compressions.
Where are the alpha-1 receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location-blood vessels
constricted blood vessels, skin is pale, cool, clammy
They essentially increase BP
Where are the Beta-1 receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location-heart
effect- increased HR, increased force of contraction
They essentially increase CO since CO = HR x SV
Where are the Beta-2 receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location - lungs (beta-2 is beta-tube)
effect - bronchodilation (more air enters lungs)
Where are the muscarinic receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location - heart
effect - decreased HR, decreased force of contraction
Muscarinic is parasympathetic system and do complete opposite of Beta-1
which is sympathetic
What hormones activate the sympathetic nervous system? -ANSWER
Epineprhine and norepineprhine, which are released from he adrenal gland
Correct Questions And Answers 100%
From the atmosphere, what structures does air pass through during
ventilation? -ANSWER Starts in atmosphere, then nose, nasopharyngeal
space/orophargyneal space (if mouth breather), then pharynx, larynx,
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
What is the purpose of the nasal passages and nasopharynx? -ANSWER To
warm/humidify air as it passes through
What is the difference between respiration and ventilation? -ANSWER
Respiration refers to the exchange of gases in the alveoli, ventilation refers
to the movement of air into the lungs. Respiration is needed to provide O2 to
cells and remove waste products. Also regulates pH of blood.
What are the structures of the upper airway? -ANSWER nose, mouth,
tongue, jaw, pharynx and larynx
What structure is considered a landmark that divides the upper airway from
lower? -ANSWER The larynx, anything above is upper. The larynx and below
are lower.
What are the structures of the lower airways? -ANSWER larynx (includes
adam's apple/thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, cricoid cartilage),
trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, alveoli
Describe the anatomy of the larynx. -ANSWER From superior to inferior.
Thyroid cartilage, cricothyroid membrane, and cricoid membrane. The
thyroid cartilage and cricoid cartilage are anterior to the larynx, and the
cricothyroid membrane is posterior to both structures.
True or false: the lungs are completely equal in the midsaggital plane. -
ANSWER False, right lungs has 3 lobes, left lung only has 2 lobes. Together
they have 5 total. Also, the right bronchi is inferior to the left bronchi.
What are the structures of the lungs in order of ventilation? -ANSWER
bronchioles, and alveoli
True or false: the lungs use muscles found in the lateral lobes to expand and
contract? -ANSWER False: the lungs are hollow organs and contain no
muscles. When the diaphragm contracts it expands the thoracic cavity. The
pleural space has a negative pressure and the lungs expand. This results in a
slightly negative pressure (compared to the atmosphere) and air rushes in.
,True or false: Air rushes into the lungs because of negative pressure. -
ANSWER True, when the lungs expand, they are creating a vacuum because
they are expanding the volume of the container. This increase in volume
causes influx of air into the container until the pressure is equalized with the
atmosphere.
True or false: The parietal pleura lines the lungs and the visceral pleura lines
the lungs. The space between is called the anterior pleura. -ANSWER False:
the visceral pleura lines the lungs, the parietal pleura lines the body cavity
and the pleural space is the space in between both where body fluid allows
for both to smoothly glide.
What muscles are involved in inhalation? -ANSWER The diaphragm, cervical
muscles (neck), intercostals, abdominal muscles, and pectoral muscles.
What muscles are involved in expiration? -ANSWER none, expiration (if done
passively) is achieved by the relaxation of the diaphragm.
What is the primary driver of respiration? (Why would we increase/decrease
RR?) -ANSWER The CSF in the brain has chemoreceptors sensitive to CO2.
When there is too much CO2. The pH changes. These sensors feed back to
the medulla oblongata, which stimulates the phrenic nerve which innervates
the diaphragm. They cause an increase in activity of the diaphragm. This
increases the RR which causes us to increase tidal volume. This means more
CO2 is exhaled. And brings our pH back to normal.
We also have the less sensitive hypoxic drive
What is hypoxic drive? -ANSWER Backup system to control respiration.
Chemoreceptors in brain, aorta, and carotid arteries. But they are "satisfied"
by a small amount of O2, which means it is not as sensitive as pH control of
CO2
What two areas of the brain are involved in respiration? -ANSWER medulla-
controls rhythm, initiates inspiration, sets base pattern for respirations, and
stimulates diaphragm to contract.
pons-changes depth of inspiration, expiration or both.
True or false: arteries bring oxygenated blood to organs/capillaries -ANSWER
True in most cases with one exception. Arteries (away) bring blood away
from the heart. Usually this is oxygenated blood. But the pulmonary arteries
bring oxygen poor blood away from the heart, to the lungs to be oxygenated.
,What is the tidal volume? -ANSWER amount of air moved in/out of lungs in
single breath. Usually 500 ml in adult
What is inspiratory reserve volume? -ANSWER Deepest breath you can take
after normal respiration
What is expiratory reserve volume/Vital Capacity? -ANSWER maximum
amount you can breathe out after normal breath.
What is residual volume? -ANSWER Remaining gas in lungs after exhalation.
This is to keep lungs inflated
What is dead space? What structures are considered part of dead space? -
ANSWER Part of respiratory system not involved in active respiration. Air
moves through here but little to no respiration occurs. Mouth, trachea,
bronchi and bronchioles considered dead space
What is minute volume? What does it measure? -ANSWER Minute volume =
RR x tidal volume. Volume of air moving through lungs in 1 minute. Can be
estimated quickly. Count RR rate. If normal check to see chest rise and fall
(tidal volume). If chest rise and fall is weak and/or little air coming out of
nose, then the person has small minute volume.
Alveolar Minute Volume -ANSWER Volume of air moved through lungs in 1
minute minus the dead space. Alveolar Minute Volume = (tidal volume -
dead space) x RR
Alveolar Ventilation -ANSWER Volume of air that reaches alveoli.
Alveolar ventilation = tidal volume - dead space
Name the characteristics of normal breathing -ANSWER 1. Normal rate (12-
20)
2. regular pattern of inhalation/exhalation
3. clear bilateral lung sounds
4. regular and equal chest rise/fall
5. adequate depth (tidal volume)
What are the characteristics of inadequate breathing (adults)? -ANSWER
Chapter 6
1. labored breathing (activating accessory muscles of respiration)
2. 12< or >20 breaths/minute
3. muscle retractions above clavicles or between ribs and below rib cage
4. pale/cyanotic skin
5. cool, damp, clammy skin
6. tripod position
, Chapter 10
1. 12< or 20>
2. irregular rhythm
3. diminished, absent or noisy auscultated breath sounds
4. reduced flow of expired air at nose/mouth
5. unequal or inadequate chest expansion
6. labored breathing
7. shallow depth
8. pale, cyanotic, cool or moist skin
9. retractions around ribs or above clavicles
What are agonal gasps? What should you do if a pt has agonal gasps? -
ANSWER Pt in cardiac arrest has occasional gasping breaths because
respiratory center in brain continues to send signals to breathing muscles.
Artificial ventilations and chest compressions.
Where are the alpha-1 receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location-blood vessels
constricted blood vessels, skin is pale, cool, clammy
They essentially increase BP
Where are the Beta-1 receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location-heart
effect- increased HR, increased force of contraction
They essentially increase CO since CO = HR x SV
Where are the Beta-2 receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location - lungs (beta-2 is beta-tube)
effect - bronchodilation (more air enters lungs)
Where are the muscarinic receptors located? What is their effect? -ANSWER
location - heart
effect - decreased HR, decreased force of contraction
Muscarinic is parasympathetic system and do complete opposite of Beta-1
which is sympathetic
What hormones activate the sympathetic nervous system? -ANSWER
Epineprhine and norepineprhine, which are released from he adrenal gland
