FNDH 400 Exam 3 Questions and Answers (2022/2023)
(Verified Answers)
Where does the name Vitamin come from?
Vital amines --> Vitamines, but when it was discovered they weren't amines, the E was
dropped
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins
C, B
What B vitamin numbers are missing? Why?
B4, B8, B10, B11
Were discovered and then removed due to redudancy
EV McCollum and vitamins
Theorized fat-soluble factor A that deficiency led to ophthalmia (inflammation of the eye)
and water-soluble factor B resulted in beriberi
Factor A --> Vitamin A
Factor B --> B1 and B2 (realized there were multiple B2s)
Thiamin cofactor
Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Riboflavin cofactor
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
Niacin cofactor
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Pantothenic Acid cofactor
Coenzyme A
Vitamin B6 cofactor
Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Folate cofactor
Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Vitamin B12 cofactor
Adensosylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Most cofactors come from ___ vitamins
B
Why must we consume B vitamins?
Cofactors
Mineral amount classifcation
Amount required
Macromineral > Trace Minerals > Ultratrace Minerals
DRIs
, EAR
RDA
AI
UL
Dietary guideliens
Qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and health
maintenance
DRI definition
Quantitative advice to professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components to
be of benefit
Dietary guidelines vs DRI
Qualitative for public vs. Quantitative for professionals
RDA
(Definition, Needs met, Set)
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Asses quality of people's diets
Meets needs of 97.5% of the population
Calculated using EAR (EAR + 2 standard deviations)
EAR
(Definition, Needs met, Set)
Estimated Average Requirement
Estimated quality of 50% of the population
Requires applicable research
Risk for inadequacy for EAR vs RDA
.5 (50%) EAR
.025 (25%) RDA
Formula for setting RDA
EAR + 2 standard deviations
AI
(Definition, Needs Met, Set)
Adequate Intake
Level that appears to be adequate in a defined population or subgroup
Not research based
Used for groups researchers are hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.)
UL
(Definition, Needs Met, Set)
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects
to almost all individuals of a population
First sets a NOAEL and LOEAL and then UL set lower based on uncertainty factors
NOAEL and LOAEL
No observed adverse effect level
Lowest observed adverse effect level
*Note: Not DRI components, just measures needed for UL
Most americans don't meet the EAR for which vitamins/minerals?
A, C, E, Magnesium
(Verified Answers)
Where does the name Vitamin come from?
Vital amines --> Vitamines, but when it was discovered they weren't amines, the E was
dropped
Fat soluble vitamins
A, D, E, K
Water Soluble Vitamins
C, B
What B vitamin numbers are missing? Why?
B4, B8, B10, B11
Were discovered and then removed due to redudancy
EV McCollum and vitamins
Theorized fat-soluble factor A that deficiency led to ophthalmia (inflammation of the eye)
and water-soluble factor B resulted in beriberi
Factor A --> Vitamin A
Factor B --> B1 and B2 (realized there were multiple B2s)
Thiamin cofactor
Thiamin Pyrophosphate (TPP)
Riboflavin cofactor
Flavin Adenine Dinucleotide (FAD)
Flavin Mononucleotide (FMN)
Niacin cofactor
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide (NAD)
Nicotine Adenine Dinucleotide Phosphate (NADP)
Pantothenic Acid cofactor
Coenzyme A
Vitamin B6 cofactor
Pyridoxal Phosphate (PLP)
Folate cofactor
Tetrahydrofolate (THF)
Vitamin B12 cofactor
Adensosylcobalamin
Methylcobalamin
Most cofactors come from ___ vitamins
B
Why must we consume B vitamins?
Cofactors
Mineral amount classifcation
Amount required
Macromineral > Trace Minerals > Ultratrace Minerals
DRIs
, EAR
RDA
AI
UL
Dietary guideliens
Qualitative advice to the public about diet and chronic disease prevention and health
maintenance
DRI definition
Quantitative advice to professionals about amounts of nutrients or food components to
be of benefit
Dietary guidelines vs DRI
Qualitative for public vs. Quantitative for professionals
RDA
(Definition, Needs met, Set)
Recommended Dietary Allowance
Asses quality of people's diets
Meets needs of 97.5% of the population
Calculated using EAR (EAR + 2 standard deviations)
EAR
(Definition, Needs met, Set)
Estimated Average Requirement
Estimated quality of 50% of the population
Requires applicable research
Risk for inadequacy for EAR vs RDA
.5 (50%) EAR
.025 (25%) RDA
Formula for setting RDA
EAR + 2 standard deviations
AI
(Definition, Needs Met, Set)
Adequate Intake
Level that appears to be adequate in a defined population or subgroup
Not research based
Used for groups researchers are hesitant to test on (Infants, Pregnant Women, etc.)
UL
(Definition, Needs Met, Set)
Tolerable Upper Intake Level
Highest level of daily nutrient intake that is unlikely to pose risk of adverse health effects
to almost all individuals of a population
First sets a NOAEL and LOEAL and then UL set lower based on uncertainty factors
NOAEL and LOAEL
No observed adverse effect level
Lowest observed adverse effect level
*Note: Not DRI components, just measures needed for UL
Most americans don't meet the EAR for which vitamins/minerals?
A, C, E, Magnesium
