LEARNING IN ELEMENTARY SCHOOL
A. Definition of Learning
Understanding Learning according to the old definition is adding and accumulating knowledge. What
is prioritized in this definition is mastery of as much knowledge as possible to become intelligent or
form intellectuals, while attitudes and skills are ignored. Meanwhile, according to modern opinion
that emerged in the 19th century, learning is a process of changing behavior (a change in behavior).
So, learning is a process of changing behavior that is obtained through training and that change is due
to support from a positive environment that causes educative interaction. These changes occur as a
whole including knowledge, attitudes and skills.
Another opinion suggests that learning is a process of experience (learning is experience), meaning
that learning is a process of interaction between individuals and their environment. In this interaction,
mental, intellectual, and emotional processes occur which eventually become an attitude, knowledge,
and skills. The definition of learning that is generally accepted today is that learning is an effort made
by individuals to obtain a new change in behavior, as a whole as an individual's own experience in
interacting with his environment.
A. The Nature of Learning
Learning can be said as a process, meaning that in learning there will be a process of seeing, making,
observing, solving problems or problems, listening, and practicing. Someone can be said to learn
because there are indications of carrying out the process consciously and produce changes in student
behavior that are obtained based on interactions with the environment.
There are 4 pillars that need to be considered in learning, namely learning to know, learning to do,
learning to live together, and learning to be, all of that must be applied. in the process of learning in
elementary schools both in class and outside the classroom.
B. Factors That Can Affect Learning Outcomes
1. Factors from within the student; including skills, interests, talents, effort, motivation, attention,
weakness and health, as well as student habits.
2. Factors from outside the student; including the physical and non-physical environment (including
the classroom atmosphere in learning), the socio-cultural environment, the family environment,
school programs (including school committee support), teachers, implementation of learning, and
school friends.
B. Characteristics of the Learning Process and Developmental Stages of Elementary School Students
1. Learning Process Based on Theory and Type of Learning
its essence is a series of activities carried out by students in an effort to change behavior that is
carried out consciously through interaction with the environment. The process of teaching and
learning in schools is strongly influenced by the design of the lessons and the strategies applied by the
teacher in learning. One of the dominant factors to be considered in carrying out the learning process
, is the learner (student) itself. Students are complete individuals as well as social beings who have
different potentials. Based on the theory of development, each student has developmental stages
according to their age level. This means that each learning process taken by students must be based on
the phase of its development.
As already stated, that the learning process is a series of student activities through learning
experiences to shape student behavior. Characteristics of Student Learning Processes in Elementary
Schools. Learning Processes based on Theory and Types of Learning
a. Learning Theory
There are several learning theories that are studied as material for consideration in implementing the
learning process in elementary schools.
1. Mental Discipline Learning Theory
The characteristics of this learning theory adhere to the principle that humans have a number of
mental powers such as the power to observe, respond, remember, think and so on which can be
trained and disciplined. The process of learning to think, observe and remember can be done by
elementary school students in lower grades, which includes a) learning to identify the characteristics
of an object or event, for example; "Describe or explain the characteristics of green plants". b)
mention again the names of the provincial capitals in Indonesia. Learning itself is an effort to develop
individual potentials. Individual potentials can be optimally developed through learning activities.
2. Association Learning Theory
This group of learning theories is synonymous with the theory of behaviorism which is commonly
called the S-R Bond. This association learning theory is based on behavior change that emphasizes
new behavior patterns that are repeated so that they become automatic activities. In this theory,
learning prioritizes stimulus-response that forms students' abilities in a specific and controlled
manner. Punishment (punishment) and reward (reward) is the reinforcement (reinforcement) used.
The pioneers of this flow include Edward L.
3. Insight theory
According to this theory learning is changing students' understanding. This change will occur when
students use the environment. Learning is a process that is explorative, imaginative, and creative.
Learning is always directed to develop high-level abilities, namely thinking high.
4. Gestalt Learning Theory
According to this learning theory students are whole individuals. Therefore, learning prioritizes the
whole, then looks at the parts that contain meaning and relationships. Learning is always given in a
problematic, actual and real form (is happening now or in the future). Students learn to solve
problems (problem solving), carry out investigations (inquiry), make discoveries (discovery) and
study (investigation). In practice the application of learning theory is used mixed, not purely one by
one.
b. Study Type
According to Gagne (1970) there are 8 types of learning that students can do to achieve optimal
learning processes and results, namely:
A. Definition of Learning
Understanding Learning according to the old definition is adding and accumulating knowledge. What
is prioritized in this definition is mastery of as much knowledge as possible to become intelligent or
form intellectuals, while attitudes and skills are ignored. Meanwhile, according to modern opinion
that emerged in the 19th century, learning is a process of changing behavior (a change in behavior).
So, learning is a process of changing behavior that is obtained through training and that change is due
to support from a positive environment that causes educative interaction. These changes occur as a
whole including knowledge, attitudes and skills.
Another opinion suggests that learning is a process of experience (learning is experience), meaning
that learning is a process of interaction between individuals and their environment. In this interaction,
mental, intellectual, and emotional processes occur which eventually become an attitude, knowledge,
and skills. The definition of learning that is generally accepted today is that learning is an effort made
by individuals to obtain a new change in behavior, as a whole as an individual's own experience in
interacting with his environment.
A. The Nature of Learning
Learning can be said as a process, meaning that in learning there will be a process of seeing, making,
observing, solving problems or problems, listening, and practicing. Someone can be said to learn
because there are indications of carrying out the process consciously and produce changes in student
behavior that are obtained based on interactions with the environment.
There are 4 pillars that need to be considered in learning, namely learning to know, learning to do,
learning to live together, and learning to be, all of that must be applied. in the process of learning in
elementary schools both in class and outside the classroom.
B. Factors That Can Affect Learning Outcomes
1. Factors from within the student; including skills, interests, talents, effort, motivation, attention,
weakness and health, as well as student habits.
2. Factors from outside the student; including the physical and non-physical environment (including
the classroom atmosphere in learning), the socio-cultural environment, the family environment,
school programs (including school committee support), teachers, implementation of learning, and
school friends.
B. Characteristics of the Learning Process and Developmental Stages of Elementary School Students
1. Learning Process Based on Theory and Type of Learning
its essence is a series of activities carried out by students in an effort to change behavior that is
carried out consciously through interaction with the environment. The process of teaching and
learning in schools is strongly influenced by the design of the lessons and the strategies applied by the
teacher in learning. One of the dominant factors to be considered in carrying out the learning process
, is the learner (student) itself. Students are complete individuals as well as social beings who have
different potentials. Based on the theory of development, each student has developmental stages
according to their age level. This means that each learning process taken by students must be based on
the phase of its development.
As already stated, that the learning process is a series of student activities through learning
experiences to shape student behavior. Characteristics of Student Learning Processes in Elementary
Schools. Learning Processes based on Theory and Types of Learning
a. Learning Theory
There are several learning theories that are studied as material for consideration in implementing the
learning process in elementary schools.
1. Mental Discipline Learning Theory
The characteristics of this learning theory adhere to the principle that humans have a number of
mental powers such as the power to observe, respond, remember, think and so on which can be
trained and disciplined. The process of learning to think, observe and remember can be done by
elementary school students in lower grades, which includes a) learning to identify the characteristics
of an object or event, for example; "Describe or explain the characteristics of green plants". b)
mention again the names of the provincial capitals in Indonesia. Learning itself is an effort to develop
individual potentials. Individual potentials can be optimally developed through learning activities.
2. Association Learning Theory
This group of learning theories is synonymous with the theory of behaviorism which is commonly
called the S-R Bond. This association learning theory is based on behavior change that emphasizes
new behavior patterns that are repeated so that they become automatic activities. In this theory,
learning prioritizes stimulus-response that forms students' abilities in a specific and controlled
manner. Punishment (punishment) and reward (reward) is the reinforcement (reinforcement) used.
The pioneers of this flow include Edward L.
3. Insight theory
According to this theory learning is changing students' understanding. This change will occur when
students use the environment. Learning is a process that is explorative, imaginative, and creative.
Learning is always directed to develop high-level abilities, namely thinking high.
4. Gestalt Learning Theory
According to this learning theory students are whole individuals. Therefore, learning prioritizes the
whole, then looks at the parts that contain meaning and relationships. Learning is always given in a
problematic, actual and real form (is happening now or in the future). Students learn to solve
problems (problem solving), carry out investigations (inquiry), make discoveries (discovery) and
study (investigation). In practice the application of learning theory is used mixed, not purely one by
one.
b. Study Type
According to Gagne (1970) there are 8 types of learning that students can do to achieve optimal
learning processes and results, namely:
