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Modelos de exámenes parciales de análisis matemático I / cálculo diferencial e integral I

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Modelos de exámenes parciales de análisis matemático I / cálculo diferencial e integral I

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2) MODELOS DE EXAMEN RESUELTOS DE CÁLCULO
DIFERENCIAL E INTEGRAL I. FaCENA – UNNE




𝒂) 𝒇(𝒙) = 𝟐𝒙𝟑 + 𝟑𝒙𝟐 − 𝟏𝟐𝒙 − 𝟓

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 12

𝑓 ′ ′(𝑥) = 12𝑥 + 6

𝑓 ′ ′′(𝑥) = 12
Puntos críticos:

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 12 = 0
Aplicando la resolvente:

−6 ± √62 − 4.6. −12 −6 ± √324 −6 ± 18 −1 ± 3 1 3
= = = =− ±
2.6 12 12 2 2 2
1 3 1 3
𝑥1 = − + = 1 𝑥2 = − − = −2
2 2 2 2
Analizando el valor de f(x) para los puntos críticos:

𝑓(1) = 2(1)3 + 3(1)2 − 12(1) − 5 = −12

𝑓(−2) = 2(−2)3 + 3(−2)2 − 12(−2) − 5 = 15
∴ Los puntos críticos son: 𝑷𝟏 = (𝟏, −𝟏𝟐); 𝑷𝟐 = (−𝟐, 𝟏𝟓)

Extremos:

Evaluando la derivada segunda de la función en los puntos críticos ya calculados:

,𝑓 ′′ (1) = 12(1) + 6 = 18 > 0

𝑓 ′′ (−2) = 12(−2) + 6 = −18 < 0
El punto 𝑷𝟏 = (𝟏, −𝟏𝟐) 𝒔𝒆𝒓á 𝒖𝒏 𝒎í𝒏𝒊𝒎𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍 𝒚 𝑷𝟐 = (−𝟐, 𝟏𝟓) 𝒖𝒏 𝒎á𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒐 𝒍𝒐𝒄𝒂𝒍.

Intervalos:

De crecimiento:

𝑓 ′ (𝑥) > 0 ⇒ 6𝑥 2 + 6𝑥 − 12 > 0
Habiendo calculado las raíces del polinomio anteriormente, se puede utilizar su descomposición
factorial:

6(𝑥 − 1)(𝑥 + 2) > 0 ⇒ (6𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2) > 0
[6𝑥 − 6 > 0 ∧ 𝑥 + 2 > 0] ∨ [6𝑥 − 6 < 0 ∧ 𝑥 + 2 < 0]

[𝑥 > 1 ∧ 𝑥 > −2] ∨ [𝑥 < 1 ∧ 𝑥 < −2]

(𝟏, ∞) ∪ (−∞, −𝟐)
De decrecimiento:

(6𝑥 − 6)(𝑥 + 2) < 0

[6𝑥 − 6 > 0 ∧ 𝑥 + 2 < 0] ∨ [6𝑥 − 6 < 0 ∧ 𝑥 + 2 > 0]
[𝑥 > 1 ∧ 𝑥 < −2] ∨ [𝑥 < 1 ∧ 𝑥 > −2]

∅ ∪ (−𝟐, 𝟏)
De concavidad positiva:
1 𝟏
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) > 0 ⇒ 12𝑥 + 6 > 0 ⇒ 𝑥 > − (− , ∞)
2 𝟐
De concavidad negativa:
1 𝟏
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) < 0 ⇒ 12𝑥 + 6 < 0 ⇒ 𝑥 < − (−∞, − )
2 𝟐
Puntos de inflexión:
1
𝑓 ′′ (𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 12𝑥 + 6 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥 = −
2
1
𝑓 ′′′ (− ) = 12 ≠ 0
2
1 1 3 1 2 1 3
𝑓 (− ) = 2 (− ) + 3 (− ) − 12 (− ) − 5 =
2 2 2 2 2
𝟏 𝟑
∴ 𝑬𝒍 𝒑𝒖𝒏𝒕𝒐 𝑷𝟑 = (− , ) 𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒆 𝒊𝒏𝒇𝒍𝒆𝒙𝒊ó𝒏.
𝟐 𝟐
II) Para graficar la función es necesario saber los puntos en que la función interseca con los ejes
cartesianos.

, Intersección con el eje y:

𝑓(0) = 2(0)3 + 3(0)2 − 12(0) − 5 = −5
La función interseca al eje y en 𝑷𝟒 = (𝟎, −𝟓)

Intersección con el eje x:

𝑓(𝑥) = 0 ⇒ 2𝑥 3 + 3𝑥 2 − 12𝑥 − 5 = 0
Posibles raíces según el teorema de Gauss:
1 1 5 5
1, −1, 2, −2, 5, −5, , − , , −
2 2 2 2
Probando todas las posibles raíces, se determinó que ninguna de ellas es raíz de la función
polinómica, por lo que las raíces de dicha función son irracionales y se esbozará un gráfico
aproximado, únicamente con los datos disponibles:

𝑷𝟏 = (𝟏, −𝟏𝟐) mínimo local (𝟏, ∞) ∪ (−∞, −𝟐) Intervalo de crecimiento

𝑷𝟐 = (−𝟐, 𝟏𝟓) máximo local (−𝟐, 𝟏) Intervalo de decrecimiento
𝟏 𝟑 𝟏
𝑷𝟑 = (− , ) Punto de inflexión (− , ∞) Concavidad positiva
𝟐 𝟐 𝟐

𝑷𝟒 = (𝟎, −𝟓) Intersección al eje y 𝟏
(−∞, − ) Concavidad negativa
𝟐

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