Counseling Children & Adolescents Exam 1 Latest 2022
(Answered) Grade A+
Developmentally appropriate Interventions
-Distinguish what is considered normal and abnormal for the child
-Must understand development as it relates to physical, social, emotional, and cognitive
as well as learning and Identity
Different types of Development
Physical
Social
Emotional
Cognitive
Sexual
Identity
Moral
Physical Development
Children begin to experience a growth spurt that is characterized by rapid growth of
arms, legs, hands, and feet. This growth spurt may lead to awkwardness and
clumsiness as children strive to adjust to their disproportional bodies.
Issues with physical development
-Females who developed early reported: less support, negative attention, concerns
about weight, tension in family relationships
-Early development in boys can be positive
-Late maturing boys reported: peer rejection, teasing, withdrawal from peers
Social Development
a developmental process that refers to the way people relate to others around them;
Erickson's psychological stages
Cognitive Development
the emergence of the ability to think and understand
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5years)
4. Competence vs. Inferiority (6 years to puberty)
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Trust vs. Mistrust
If basic needs are met, infant develops a sense of basic trust in the world. Children who
are neglected or mistreated may develop a basic sense that they cannot trust people to
keep them safe or meet other basic needs.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddler strives to learn independence and self-confidence. If children are criticized
rather than encouraged in their efforts to be independent, they may develop a sense of
doubt about their abilities.
Initiative vs. Guilt
, Preschooler learns to initiate tasks and grapples with self- control. Children who
struggled with demonstrating personal power during this phase may enter middle
childhood appearing shy and withdrawn and may need coaching from adults in order to
display their abilities.
Competency vs. Inferiority
Child leans either to feel effective or inadequate. If child doesn't develop appropriately
they may see timid, procrastinate often, an observer, and questions own ability.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teenagers work at developing a sense of self by testing roles, then integrating them to
form a single identity. Someone who struggles with this may have doubts about sex
role, overly hostile to authority, and tends to be self-rejection
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2. Preoperational (2-7 years)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
4. Formal Operational (11+ years)
Sensorimotor stage
(0-2 years) Babies take in sensory information and act on it with minimal amount of
additional processing. They also develop object permanence.
Preoperational Stage
(2-7 years) A child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental
operations of concrete logic. Stage where magical thinking and imagination play are
most notable. Children in this stage often blame themselves for events that are not
under their control.
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-11 years) Children master operations/skills that are used to solve problems and
make predictions about what may happen in concrete situations which they have
experienced or developed during childhood
Formal Operational Stage
(11+ years) Adolescents begin to hypothesize their own theories and test them out to
form concrete answers. As their experiences and testing continues, their thinking
becomes more complex and abstract.
Attachment Styles
The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the
relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants; Secure and
Insecure (anxious/avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, disorganized)
Secure Attachment Style
If a child experiences consistent warm care, he or she generally develops a secure
attachment style, which is characterized by a pattern of trusting, confident, and
emotionally stable behavior
Types of Insecure Attachment Style
-Avoidant attachment
-Ambivalent/resistant attachment
-Disorganized attachment
(Answered) Grade A+
Developmentally appropriate Interventions
-Distinguish what is considered normal and abnormal for the child
-Must understand development as it relates to physical, social, emotional, and cognitive
as well as learning and Identity
Different types of Development
Physical
Social
Emotional
Cognitive
Sexual
Identity
Moral
Physical Development
Children begin to experience a growth spurt that is characterized by rapid growth of
arms, legs, hands, and feet. This growth spurt may lead to awkwardness and
clumsiness as children strive to adjust to their disproportional bodies.
Issues with physical development
-Females who developed early reported: less support, negative attention, concerns
about weight, tension in family relationships
-Early development in boys can be positive
-Late maturing boys reported: peer rejection, teasing, withdrawal from peers
Social Development
a developmental process that refers to the way people relate to others around them;
Erickson's psychological stages
Cognitive Development
the emergence of the ability to think and understand
Erikson's Psychosocial Stages
1. Trust vs. Mistrust (birth-1 year)
2. Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt (2-3 years)
3. Initiative vs. Guilt (3-5years)
4. Competence vs. Inferiority (6 years to puberty)
5. Identity vs. Role Confusion
Trust vs. Mistrust
If basic needs are met, infant develops a sense of basic trust in the world. Children who
are neglected or mistreated may develop a basic sense that they cannot trust people to
keep them safe or meet other basic needs.
Autonomy vs. Shame and Doubt
Toddler strives to learn independence and self-confidence. If children are criticized
rather than encouraged in their efforts to be independent, they may develop a sense of
doubt about their abilities.
Initiative vs. Guilt
, Preschooler learns to initiate tasks and grapples with self- control. Children who
struggled with demonstrating personal power during this phase may enter middle
childhood appearing shy and withdrawn and may need coaching from adults in order to
display their abilities.
Competency vs. Inferiority
Child leans either to feel effective or inadequate. If child doesn't develop appropriately
they may see timid, procrastinate often, an observer, and questions own ability.
Identity vs. Role Confusion
Teenagers work at developing a sense of self by testing roles, then integrating them to
form a single identity. Someone who struggles with this may have doubts about sex
role, overly hostile to authority, and tends to be self-rejection
Piaget's Stages of Cognitive Development
1. Sensorimotor (0-2 years)
2. Preoperational (2-7 years)
3. Concrete Operational (7-11 years)
4. Formal Operational (11+ years)
Sensorimotor stage
(0-2 years) Babies take in sensory information and act on it with minimal amount of
additional processing. They also develop object permanence.
Preoperational Stage
(2-7 years) A child learns to use language but does not yet comprehend the mental
operations of concrete logic. Stage where magical thinking and imagination play are
most notable. Children in this stage often blame themselves for events that are not
under their control.
Concrete Operational Stage
(7-11 years) Children master operations/skills that are used to solve problems and
make predictions about what may happen in concrete situations which they have
experienced or developed during childhood
Formal Operational Stage
(11+ years) Adolescents begin to hypothesize their own theories and test them out to
form concrete answers. As their experiences and testing continues, their thinking
becomes more complex and abstract.
Attachment Styles
The expectations people develop about relationships with others, based on the
relationship they had with their primary caregiver when they were infants; Secure and
Insecure (anxious/avoidant, ambivalent/resistant, disorganized)
Secure Attachment Style
If a child experiences consistent warm care, he or she generally develops a secure
attachment style, which is characterized by a pattern of trusting, confident, and
emotionally stable behavior
Types of Insecure Attachment Style
-Avoidant attachment
-Ambivalent/resistant attachment
-Disorganized attachment
