Hist 1301 exam 1 2023 with complete solution

intertribal Indian relations before European contact -they were independent depending on their location, climate, religions, morals, beliefs and food -but they didnt live in perfect harmony with nature and one another, indigenous people often engaged in warfare and exploited the environment by burning large wooded areas in order to plant fields Cahokia -largest of these advanced regional centers called chiefdoms -in southwest illinois just few miles across the mississippi river from what now is St louis -constructed a huge intricately planned farming settlement with pole and thatch houses, temples, monument buildings, ceremonial plazas, hundred flat top earthen pyramids -it hosted 15,000 people on 3200 acres, making it the largest city north of mexico -it mysteriously vanished after 1400 for unknown reasons but most think it was from environmental reasons PAGE 9 factors driving European exploration of western hemisphere -resulted from several key during the 15th century -dramatic intellectual changes and scientific discoveries affected religion, warfare, family life, and economy -greed, conquest, exploitation, oppression, racism and slavery would help fuel expansion The rise of the middle class: -population decline caused by warfare, famine, and plagues -people were no longer forced to stay in the same locality and keep the same social status Powerful New Nations: -The growing trade-based economy in Europe freed monarchs from their dependence on feudal nobles -rise of towns, cities and merchants provided kings with new tax revenues Innovations in shipbuilding, navigation and weaponry : -lead to global rev in maritime trade -new knowledge made it possible for stronger bigger ships armed with cannons -better compasses, maps, navigation PAGE 17-18 Portugese sailors -roamed down africa in search of grains, gold, ivory, spices and slaves -went all the way around africa in search of indies and china and japan - key factor in conquering Indians -when spanish began to conquer the new world they wanted to convert the indians to roman Catholicism so religious changes -but also the search for gold and silver was the primary PAGE 36 the encomienda -conquistadores transferred to america a socioeconomic system where favored officers became privileged landowners who controlled indian villages -they protected the villages in exchange for indians providing them with goods and labor -A grant of land made by Spain to a settler in the Americas, including the right to use Native Americans as laborers on it PAGE 26 Colombian Exchange -worldwide transfer of plants, animals, and diseases that ultimately worked in favor of europeans at the expense of indigenous peoples colombian exchange benefits -plants and animals of the two worlds were more different from each other than were the people and their ways of life -europeans never seen creatures like iquanas, bison, sloths -native americans didnt know about horses, cattle, pigs and sheep - the exchange of plant life between the americas and europe/Africa transformed the diets of both hemispheres -biological exchange was that food plants were more complemetary than competitive potato most important crop exported to Europe Defeat of the Spanish Armada -1588 -132 warships, 8000 sailors, 18000 soldiers -the greatest invasion fleet in history -the armada sailed north determined to conquer the english and restore them to Catholicism -english warships which were smaller and faster than the spanish fleet were waiting on them -as the battle unfolded the spanish could not keep up with smaller english ships -english chased the armada through english canal before a storm destroyed some spanish ships -the stunning defeat of catholic spains fearsom armada strengthened the protestant cause across europe -was the climatic event of queen elizabeth reign -this marked the beginning englands global supremacy and cleared way for colonization of americas PAGE 33 Jamestown - Virginia company(joint stock company) sent three tiny ships to america carrying 100 men and boys -they wanted to find gold and silver fro profit but also a religious mission of bringing the christian religion to the indians -The first permanent English settlement in North America, found in East Virginia