NR293/ NR 293 Exam 1 solution guide 2022 Distinction
level approved.
What happens during absorption?
movement of drug from site of administration into bloodstream for distribution to the
tissues
What happens during distribution?
transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
What happens during metabolism/biotrasnformation?
biochemical alteration of a drug in the liver into inactive or active metabolite: occurs
after distribution
What happens during excretion?
the body eliminates the drug from the body using the renal system/Kidneys
Why can't extended release or enteric coated oral medications be crushed?
They could cause accelerated release of the drug from the dosage form and cause
possible toxicity
How can you help a client who has swallowing difficulties take their oral medications?
You can crush a tablet or open a capsule.
Capsules, powder, or liquid contents can often be added to soft foods such as
applesauce or pudding and can be dissolved in a beverage
What is first-pass effect?
a drug that is absorbed from the intestine that must first pass through the liver before
reaching systemic circulation
What are 3 first-pass routes?
oral, nasogastric tube, PEG tube
Enteral routes FASTEST to SLOWEST
Buccal/Sublingual
Liquids, elixirs, & syrup
Tablet
Enteric coated tablet
Parenteral routes from FASTEST to SLOWEST
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
What is an agonist?
a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body
What is an antagonist?
a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body`
Define prototype drug
first form of a drug in a class
Define drug nomenclature
refers to a drug's name
Define drug classification
, class name of a drug
Define pharmacotherapeutics
clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Define pharmcodynamics
the study of what the DRUG does to the BODY
Define onset of action
time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
Define peak level
maximum concentration of a drug in the body
Define duration
length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood/tissues is able to elicit a response
Define pharmacokinetics
the study of what the BODY does to the DRUG
Define therapeutic level
desired or intended effect of a particular medication
Define trough level
lowest concentration of medication within the body after it is reduced from the peak level
What does hepatic metabolism involve the activity of?
the enzyme P-450
Define enzyme
the substance that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell
Define receptor
reactive site on the surface or inside of the cell
Define acute therapy
implemented in the acutely ill
Define maintenance therapy
used for the treatment of chronic illnesses such as hypertension
Define supplemental therapy
supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function
Define palliative therapy
makes the patient as comfortable as possible
Define supportive therapy
maintain integrity of body functions while the patient recovers from trauma or illness
Define prophylactic therapy
therapy provided to prevent illness
Define monitoring
evaluate the clinical response of the patient to the treatment
Define therapeutic index
the ration of a drug's toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits
Define drug concentration
drug reaching a certain concentration in the blood
Define tolerance
a decreasing response to repeated drug doses
Define dependence
physiological or psychological need for a drug
Define drug interaction
level approved.
What happens during absorption?
movement of drug from site of administration into bloodstream for distribution to the
tissues
What happens during distribution?
transport of a drug by the bloodstream to its site of action
What happens during metabolism/biotrasnformation?
biochemical alteration of a drug in the liver into inactive or active metabolite: occurs
after distribution
What happens during excretion?
the body eliminates the drug from the body using the renal system/Kidneys
Why can't extended release or enteric coated oral medications be crushed?
They could cause accelerated release of the drug from the dosage form and cause
possible toxicity
How can you help a client who has swallowing difficulties take their oral medications?
You can crush a tablet or open a capsule.
Capsules, powder, or liquid contents can often be added to soft foods such as
applesauce or pudding and can be dissolved in a beverage
What is first-pass effect?
a drug that is absorbed from the intestine that must first pass through the liver before
reaching systemic circulation
What are 3 first-pass routes?
oral, nasogastric tube, PEG tube
Enteral routes FASTEST to SLOWEST
Buccal/Sublingual
Liquids, elixirs, & syrup
Tablet
Enteric coated tablet
Parenteral routes from FASTEST to SLOWEST
Intravenous
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
What is an agonist?
a drug that binds to and stimulates the activity of one or more receptors in the body
What is an antagonist?
a drug that binds to and inhibits the activity of one or more receptors in the body`
Define prototype drug
first form of a drug in a class
Define drug nomenclature
refers to a drug's name
Define drug classification
, class name of a drug
Define pharmacotherapeutics
clinical use of drugs to prevent and treat diseases
Define pharmcodynamics
the study of what the DRUG does to the BODY
Define onset of action
time required for a drug to elicit a therapeutic response after dosing
Define peak level
maximum concentration of a drug in the body
Define duration
length of time the concentration of a drug in the blood/tissues is able to elicit a response
Define pharmacokinetics
the study of what the BODY does to the DRUG
Define therapeutic level
desired or intended effect of a particular medication
Define trough level
lowest concentration of medication within the body after it is reduced from the peak level
What does hepatic metabolism involve the activity of?
the enzyme P-450
Define enzyme
the substance that catalyze nearly every biochemical reaction in a cell
Define receptor
reactive site on the surface or inside of the cell
Define acute therapy
implemented in the acutely ill
Define maintenance therapy
used for the treatment of chronic illnesses such as hypertension
Define supplemental therapy
supplies the body with a substance needed to maintain normal function
Define palliative therapy
makes the patient as comfortable as possible
Define supportive therapy
maintain integrity of body functions while the patient recovers from trauma or illness
Define prophylactic therapy
therapy provided to prevent illness
Define monitoring
evaluate the clinical response of the patient to the treatment
Define therapeutic index
the ration of a drug's toxic level to the level that provides therapeutic benefits
Define drug concentration
drug reaching a certain concentration in the blood
Define tolerance
a decreasing response to repeated drug doses
Define dependence
physiological or psychological need for a drug
Define drug interaction
