LETRS Unit 1: The Challenge of Learning to Read Quiz,100% CORRECT

LETRS Unit 1: The Challenge of Learning to Read Quiz According to results from the National Assessment of Educational Progress (NAEP), which of the following is true? a. Every state is about the same, on average. b. Approximately 50 percent of fourth-graders are "proficient" or "advanced." c. There is a steady increase in reading scores across all groups. d. Gaps persist between certain subgroups of students. - Correct AnswersGaps persist between certain subgroups of students. Reading comprehension is not a single construct. Rather, the ability to understand what you read relies on multiple components. Once readers become more skilled in word recognition, which of the following components increase in their importance? a. spelling and phonemic awareness b. orthographic knowledge and background knowledge c. cognates and syllable awareness d. background knowledge and vocabulary - Correct Answersbackground knowledge and vocabulary Which statement most accurately describes how the human brain has evolved to process spoken and written language? a. Our brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. b. Our brains have evolved to process spoken and written language equally well. c. Our brains process spoken language and pictorial writing equally well, but have not evolved to process alphabetic writing. d. Our brains process spoken language extremely well, and we process alphabetic writing surprisingly well given that it is a relatively recent achievement. - Correct AnswersOur brains have evolved to process spoken language much more easily than alphabetic writing. What characteristic makes English a "deep" alphabetic orthography? a. Its spelling system is entirely phonetic. b. Its spelling system shares many word roots with other languages. c. Its spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. d. Its spelling patterns have not been completely stable over time. - Correct AnswersIts spelling system represents meaningful parts (morphemes) as well as sounds. According to the Simple View of Reading model, which is more important to reading comprehension—word recognition or language comprehension? a. Word recognition is much more important. b. Language comprehension is much more important. c. Word recognition is slightly more important. d. Both are equally important. - Correct AnswersBoth are equally important. Which statement best describes the relative importance of oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension as factors in reading comprehension? a. As children get older, verbal comprehension becomes more important than oral reading fluency. b. Oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension are equally important throughout childhood and adolescence. c. As children get older, verbal comprehension matters less, and oral reading fluency becomes more important. d. Although oral reading fluency and verbal comprehension are both important, a child with problems in one domain can usually use the other domain to compensate. - Correct AnswersAs children get older, verbal comprehension becomes more important than oral reading fluency. Which of these is an example of morphology? a. We use polite phrases like excuse me and thank you when addressing someone of higher social status. b. We recognize that the nonsense word hufflelumps could be a real word in English, but ngapkez could not. c. We tend to structure paragraphs with a main idea supported by details. d. We know the words unique, uniform, united, and universe all contain the root uni, meaning "one." - Correct AnswersWe know the words unique, uniform, united, and universe all contain the root uni, meaning "one." Which is a characteristic of discourse in spoken language? a. It generally uses complete, well-formed sentences. b. It does not use paragraphs and tends to be disorganized. c. It may use unusual or topic-specific vocabulary. d. Its sounds are coarticulated in words. - Correct AnswersIt does not use paragraphs and tends to be disorganized. How does the language system of pragmatics help us to understand why written language is more structured than spoken language? a. Written language is highly structured because we expect certain types of writing, such as stories, to follow established organizational conventions. b. Social context and nonverbal gestures help the listener understand spoken language, so there is less need for it to be highly structured. c. We must process written language in a highly structured way—reading letters that represent specific sounds and decoding them by reading from left to right. d. Spoken language is less structured because we tend to use sentences that are incomplete, run-ons, or otherwise ungrammatical. - Correct AnswersSocial context and nonverbal gestures help the listener understand spoken language, so there is less need for it to be highly structured. What adds to the challenge of becoming literate? Select all that apply. a. All meaning resides in the written words alone; there is no additional physical context or gestures, facial expressions, etc., to support meaning. b. Reading and writing require learning new forms of language, such as changes to sentence structure, discourse, and presentation of vocabulary and semantics. c. Written sentences are often less grammatical than spoken ones. d. Nothing; children already have been exposed to literature from an early age. - Correct Answersa. All meaning resides in the written words alone; there is no additional physical context or gestures, facial expressions, etc., to support meaning. AND b. Reading and writing require learning new forms of language, such as changes to sentence structure, discourse, and presentation of vocabulary and semantics. Which of the following statements best explains why The Four-Part Processing Model is useful? a. It demonstrates why instruction should target reading comprehension. b. It emphasizes the importance of instruction in language comprehension. c. It represents the complex mental activity involved in word recognition. d. It illustrates that phonics is more important than comprehension. - Correct Answersc. It represents the complex mental activity involved in word recognition. The phonological processor allows us to do which of the following? Select all that apply. a. "take in" the visual input of a written word b. break down words into phonemes c. learn the sounds of a foreign language - Correct Answersb. break down words into phonemes c. learn the sounds of a foreign language The phonological processor is what allows us to recognize the rising intonation of a question. a. true b. false - Correct Answersa. true During reading, our eyes process each word letter by letter. a. true b. false - Correct Answerstrue How many letters does the eye normally take in at each fixation point before moving on to the next fixation point? a. five letters total b. however many letters are in each word c. 7-9 to the right and 3-4 to the left d. 3-4 to the right and 7-9 to the left - Correct Answersc. 7-9 to the right and 3-4 to the left The Four-Part Processing Model helps us understand _________________. a. which part of the brain handles word recognition. b. how multiple parts of the brain must work together in order for word recognition to occur. c. how multiple parts of the brain must work together in order for language comprehension to occur. d. that reading comprehension is the product of word recognition and language comprehension. - Correct Answersb. how multiple parts of the brain must work together in order for word recognition to occur. The area known as the visual word form area or "brain's letterbox" is located in the _____________ lobe and is essential to the _____________ processor. a. frontal; phonological b. occipital; orthographic c. temporal; meaning d. parietal; orthographic - Correct Answersb. occipital; orthographic What are some symptoms of children who have trouble with phonological processing? Select all that apply. a. slow to blend sounds in words together b. cannot keep track of different definitions for multiple-meaning words c. difficulty remembering sounds for letters d. trouble spelling speech sounds for words - Correct Answersa. slow to blend sounds in words together c. difficulty remembering sounds for letters d. trouble spelling speech sounds for words A significant shortcoming of the Three-Cueing Systems model, compared to the Four-Part Processing Model, is that it obscures the role of ________________ in word recognition. a. phonological processing b. orthographic processing c. semantic (meaning) processing d. context - Correct Answersa. phonological processing Which best describes the activity of the reading brain in proficient readers, compared to beginning readers? a. It is more consciously planned. b. It involves more different regions. c. It is more automatic. d. It is about the same. - Correct Answersc. It is more automatic. Which of these does the language-comprehension component of the Reading Rope emphasize? a. the importance of vocabulary development and of understanding language structures b. the extent to which language comprehension depends on students' ability to recognize words easily c. the need for students to read quickly without being concerned with perfect accuracy d. the benefits of teaching different skills in isolation - Correct Answersa. the importance of vocabulary development and of understanding language structures The word-recognition component of the Reading Rope includes which subskills? Select all that apply. a. decoding b. verbal reasoning c. phonological awareness d. sight recognition - Correct Answersa. decoding c. phonological awareness d. sight recognition Good readers do not require a large storehouse of sight words in their memory if they have highly developed phonographic skills. a. true b. false - Correct Answersb. false What skill is most important for a student just learning to read? a. quick identification of sight words b. recognition of letter names c. understanding of prefixes and suffixes d. accurate decoding - Correct Answersd. accurate decoding Why is it important to build students' fast and accurate word recognition and spelling? a. so that students can carefully sound out phonemes in a word b. so that students understand that words are read from left to right c. so that students don't have to laboriously sound out words d. so that students use more cognitive "desk space" - Correct Answersc. so that students don't have to laboriously sound out words Which scenario describes a child in the prealphabetic phase? a. a child who responds "Meow!" when asked, "What is the first sound in cat?" b. a child who sees the word fast and sounds it out accurately c. a child who sees the word inactive and figures out that it means "not active" d. a child who comes across the new word house but reads it as horse - Correct Answersa. a child who responds "Meow!" when asked, "What is the first sound in cat?" Which scenario describes a child in the consolidated alphabetic phase? a. a child who sounds out the word prehistoric by letter-sound combinations, then blends it as a whole word b. a child who sees the word creative and reads it as native c. a child who comes across the word pony but reads it as horse d. a child who sees the word inactive and figures out that it means "not active" - Correct Answersd. a child who sees the word inactive and figures out that it means "not active" The primary area of difficulty for students who fall behind in their reading development is: a. comprehension. b. underdeveloped foundational reading skills. c. hand dominance. d. all of the above. - Correct Answersb. underdeveloped foundational reading skills. Difficulty with the speed and accuracy of printed word recognition; also sometimes called a naming-speed problem or fluency problem - Correct AnswersOrthographic Processing Deficit Vocabulary weaknesses, generalized language learning disorders, and learning difficulties that affect abstract reasoning and logical thinking - Correct AnswersPhonological Deficit A core problem in the processing system that works with the sounds of oral language - Correct AnswersComprehension Deficit Dyslexia is mainly a reversal issue that involves seeing letters and/or numbers backward. - Correct AnswersFalse One main characteristic of dyslexia is difficulty with word recognition. - Correct AnswersTrue Dyslexic students may achieve higher scores on comprehension tests that do not involve reading. - Correct AnswersTrue The term "dyslexia" should not be used in IEP documents. - Correct AnswersFalse Dyslexic students who are said to have a "double deficit" have weaknesses in which two areas? - Correct Answersphonological processing and naming-speed processing A student with dyslexia may also be intellectually gifted. - Correct Answerstrue Students who are slow at word reading and text reading, but can segment and blend sounds orally, typically have better outcomes than students with phonological processing deficits. - Correct Answerstrue Dyslexic is a term often applied to a large subset of poor readers. These readers' difficulties with accurate, fluent word recognition originate primarily with deficits in which of the following? - Correct Answersphonological processing Some very smart people have dyslexia. - Correct Answerstrue About 10-15 percent of poor readers can decode and read individual words quickly and well and can spell accurately—yet struggle to comprehend the meanings of passages. This profile is typical of students with which coexisting disorder? - Correct Answersautism and autism spectrum disorders Dyslexia may be inherited. - Correct Answerstrue Children who can't read by age 9 never will. - Correct Answersfalse Around 10-15 percent of the population have dyslexia. - Correct Answerstrue Dyslexia is seeing things backward. - Correct Answersfalse You can't identify dyslexic children before they enter school. - Correct Answersfalse School improvement requires long-term commitment. - Correct Answerstrue A research-based curriculum alone can turn schools around. - Correct Answersfalse Dyslexia affects far more boys than girls. - Correct Answersfalse All but 2-5 percent of children can learn to read. - Correct Answerstrue Large-scale studies have shown that about half of first-graders who struggle with reading will catch up by third grade without any special interventions. - Correct Answersfalse What is the primary purpose of progress-monitoring assessments? - Correct AnswersThey help teachers determine if a particular instructional approach is working to bring a student closer to a target level of reading skill. Which is a common limitation of screening measures? - Correct AnswersThe imprecision of the measures results in false positives—children identified as lacking sufficient reading skills even though they will later develop adequate reading skills. For an assessment to be useful in a school setting, which three psychometric criteria are the most important? - Correct Answersreliable, valid, efficient Many screening measures can be considered diagnostic since they provide extremely detailed data about a students skills in particular literacy domains. - Correct Answersfalse If a student needs work on phonics and decoding, what kind of informal diagnostic assessment would provide the most useful information on how to help this student with these skills? - Correct Answersa word-reading survey to show which sound-symbol correspondences the student knows and which ones still need practice Which of the following is not an area of inquiry to include in a comprehensive diagnostic assessment of a potential reading disorder? - Correct Answerssocial interactions Which of these literacy skills have students typically mastered by the end of third grade? Select all that apply. - Correct Answersa. phoneme-grapheme correspondences c. inflectional morphology d. fluent recognition of word families (rime patterns) Cody is in first grade. He almost never raises his hand to participate in class discussions. When called on, he replies very briefly. He tends to use vague words like stuff and rarely uses full sentences. During decoding exercises, he reads words accurately and easily recognizes common patterns; he is a good speller. When he reads stories aloud, he reads fairly accurately but in an expressionless monotone. Which assessment would be most likely to yield valuable information about Cody? - Correct Answersreading a story to him and having him orally retell it In comparison to other alphabetic languages, what feature of the English writing system makes English more difficult for young students to read and spell? - Correct AnswersIt is morphophonemic. What is one important distinction between the Four-Part Processing Model for Word Recognition and the Three-Cueing Systems model? - Correct AnswersNOT ......The Three-Cueing Systems model omits semantic processing. Many students at risk for reading problems enter school without exposure to the academic language used in books or preschool experience. These students are most likely to make progress closing the reading and language gap if their classroom instruction emphasizes which of the following? - Correct Answersboth foundational reading skills and oral language development A kindergarten teacher is having students listen to three spoken words and identify the two words that end with the same sound. The teacher is focusing on which language system? - Correct Answersphonology A second-grade teacher, in preparation for reading a new text about honeybees, asks the students to brainstorm all the meanings they know for the word comb. The teacher is primarily focusing on which language system? - Correct Answerssemantics Experiments that use modern eye-movement technology to investigate what the eye "sees" when a proficient reader scans and comprehends a text have made what important discovery? - Correct AnswersSkilled readers perceive all letters when they read. Considering the Simple View of Reading, what would be the BEST course of action for a third-grade teacher with concerns about several students who have not achieved fluency? - Correct AnswersDetermine if the students need remediation in word recognition, language comprehension, or both. What does the ability to recognize many words "by sight" during fluent reading depend on? - Correct Answersphonemic awareness and the ability to map graphemes to phonemes One important goal of beginning reading instruction is the development of a sight vocabulary that enables the student to recognize a word instantly, without having to decode it. What types of words should make up a student's sight word vocabulary? - Correct Answersboth regular and irregular words In any first-grade classroom in a typical school in the United States, approximately one-third of students are likely to score in the "basic" or "below basic" range. The largest proportion of those students is likely to show which characteristics? - Correct Answersprimary difficulties with phonology, decoding, and word recognition Which of the following statements is FALSE with regard to an effective implementation of a multi-tiered system of supports (MTSS)? - Correct AnswersReading problems can be treated as easily in third grade as in first grade. What is the value of data provided by screening measures? - Correct AnswersNOT.... They can demonstrate the reliability of test results on repeated administrations.