Microbiology: an Introduction Chapter 1 Study Deck test bank 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

What are Microorganisms? living things too small to be seen by the naked eye Microorganism do what for the planet? They are important in maintaining Earth's ecological balance. Microorganisms do what for people? They live in humans and in animals and needed to maintain good health. Some microorganisms produce what? Some are used in the production of food and chemicals What harm do microorganism cause? Some produce disease. The system for naming and classifying organisms was created by who? Carolus Linnaeus in 1735 How are organisms named? By genus and epithet, both are underlined or italicized and the genus is always capitalized What are bacteria? Bacteria are unicellular organisms. Because they have no nucleus they are described as prokaryotic. What are the three major shapes of bacteria? bacillus(rods), coccus(spheres), spiral(curly cues) Describe bacteria physically. Most bacteria have a peptidoglycan cell wall; the divide by binary fission, and they may possess flagella. What do bacteria eat? They use a wide range of chemical for their nutrition What are Archaea? Prokaryotes True or False: Archaea lack peptidoglycan in their call walls. True Name the three types of extremophile archaea Methanogens, halopliles, and extreme thermophiles What are fungi? Most fungi are eukaryotic, multicellular organisms Name the three types of fungi. Mushrooms, molds, and yeast What and how do fungi eat? Fungi are saprophytes which feed by chemical predigesting then consuming decomposing materials. What are protozoans? They are unicellular eukaryotes How do protozoans eat? They obtain nourishment by absorption or ingestion through special structures. What are algae? Algae are uni- or multicellular eukaryotes. What do algae eat? They obtain nourishment by photo synthesis What is achieved with photosynthesis? The algae use the carbohydrate and oxygen produced by photosynthesis. What are viruses? Viruses are non-cellular entities that are parasites of cells What is the physical make-up of viruses? They consist of a nucleic acid core (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein coat. An envelope may surround the coat. Name the principal groups of multicellular animal parasites. Helminths; 1. flatworms 2. roundworms How are multicellular parasites identified? They are identified by traditional microbiological procedures All organisms are identified as belonging to which three groups? 1. Archaea 2. Bacteria 3. Eukarya What makes up the Eukarya Super Domain? protists, fungi, plants and animals. Robert Hooke observed that cork was composed of of "little boxes"; he introduced the cell in 1665 What did Hooke's observations do? Laid the groundwork for the development of the cell theory What is cell theory? The concept that all living things are composed of cells. Why is Anton van Leewenhoek famous? He was the first person to observe microorganisms using a microscope. What is spontaneous generation? Until the mid-1880s, many people believed that living organisms could arise from nonliving matter. Why is Francesco Redi famous? Because in 1668 he demonstrated that maggots appear on decaying meat only when flies are able to lay eggs it. What did John Needham say? In 1745 he posited that organisms could arise spontaneously from heated nutrient broth. Why is Lazzaro Spallanzani famous? In 1765 hee repeated Needham's experiment and deduced that Needham's results were due to microorganisms in the air entering the broth. Why is Rudolph Virchow famous? In 1858 he introduced the concept of biogenesis: the theory that living cells arise only from preexisting cells. What was Louis Pasteur's big idea? In 1861 he demonstrated that microorganisms are in the air everywhere and offered proof of biogenesis What did Pasteur's discovery lead to? The development of aseptic techniques used in laboratories and medical procedures to prevent contamination by microorganisms. When was the "Golden Age of Microbiology"? The science of microbiology advanced rapidly between 1857 and1914. What did Pasteur discover about fermentation? That yeast ferments sugars to alcohol and that bacteria can oxidize the alcohol to acetic acid (vinegar). What is pasteurization? A heating process used to kill bacteria in some alcoholic beverages and milk products. What are both Agostino Bassi (1835) and Louis Pasteur(1865) known to have shown? The causal relationship between microorganisms and disease. What is Joseph Lister known for? In the 1860s he introduced the use of disinfectants to clean surgical wounds in order to control infection in humans What did Robert Koch prove? He proved that microorganisms cause disease. What did Robert Koch develop that are still used today? In 1876 he developed postulates that prove a particular microorganism produces a particular disease. What is vaccination? In a vaccination, immunity (resistance to a particular disease) is conferred by inoculation with a vaccine. What is Edward Jenner famed for. Considered the "father of modern immunology" he demonstrated that inoculation with cowpox material provides humans with immunity to smallpox What did Pasteur discover in 1880 He discovered that avirulent bacteria can be used as a vaccine for fowl cholera and coined the word "vaccine" How are modern vaccines prepared? They are prepared from avirulent microorganisms or killed pathogens, from isolated component of pathogens, and by recombinant DNA techniques. What is chemotherapy? The chemical treatment of disease. What are two types of chemotherapeutic agents? Synthetic drugs (chemically prepared in the laboratory) and antibiotics(substances produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to inhibit the growth of other microorganisms). What did Paul Ehrlich develop? He introduced an arsenic-containing chemical called salvarsan to treat syphilis in 1910 For what is Alexander Fleming famed? He observed that Penicillium fungus inhibited the growth of bacterial culture. He named the active ingredient penicillin in 1928 Penicillin? Has been used since the 1940s and scientists are now tackling the problem of drug-resistant microbes. how did the idea of spontaneous generation come about? People came to believe that living organisms arise from nonliving matter because they would see flies coming out of manure and maggots coming out of dead animals, and see microorganisms appear in liquids after a day or two. How do microorganism play a role in the control of pest? Certain microorganisms cause disease in insects. Microorganisms that kill insects can be effective biological control agents because they are specific for the pest and do not persist in the environment. How do microorganism play a role in the recycling of elements? carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and phosphorous are required for all living organisms, Microorganisms convert these elements into forms that are useful for other organisms. Many bacteria decompose material and release carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that plants use. Some bacteria take nitrogen from the atmosphere and convert it into a form that plants and other microorganisms use. How do microorganism play a role in normal micobiata Normal microbiata are microorganisms that are found in and on the human body. They do not usually cause disease and can be beneficial. How do microorganism play a role in the treatment of sewage? Organic matter in sewage is decomposed by bacteria into carbon dioxide,nitrates, phosphates, sulfate and other inorganic compounds in a wastewater treatment plant. How do microorganism play a role in human insulin production? Recombinant DNA techniques have resulted in insertion of the gene for insulin production into bacteria.These bacteria can produce human insulin inexpensively. How do microorganism play a role in vaccine production? Microorganisms can be used as vaccines. Some microbes can be gentically engineered to produce components of vaccines. How do microorganism play a role in biofilms? Biofilms are aggregated bacteria adhering to each other and to a solid surface Studies biodegradation of toxic wastes? Biotechnology Microbial ecology Studies the causative agent of Ebola hemorrhagic fever? Virology Studies the production of human proteins by bacteria Biotechnology Microbial genetics Microbial physiology Studies the symptom of AIDS? Immunology Studies the production of toxin by E. coli? Microbial physiology Studies the life cycle of cryptosporidium? Microbial ecology Develops gene therapy for a disease? Microbial genetics Studies the fungus Candida albicans? Mycology Archaea Prokaryotes without peptidoglycan cell wall. Algae Cell wall made of cellulode; photosynthetic Bacteria cell wall made of peptidoglycan Fungi Cell wall made of chitin Helminths multicellular animals Protozoa Unicellular, complex cell structure lacking a cell wall. Viruses Not composed of cells Avery, McLeod, and McCarty Proved that DNA is the hereditary material Beadle and Tatum Showed that genes code for enzymes Berg Spliced animal DNA to bacterial DNA Ehrlich Used the first synthetic chemotherapeutic agent Fleming Discovered penicillin