FNDH 400 final with 100% complete solution

T/F Your friend synthesizes a compound that is 3 fructoses and 4 galactose bonded together. This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is both polysaccharide and a probiotic False, Your friend synthesizes a compound that is 3 fructoses and 4 galactose bonded together. This compound is selectively fermented by beneficial colon bacteria and thus is both OLIGOSACCHARIDE and a PREBIOTIC T/F Different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ill vs total digestibility, a single reference pattern, and is truncated. False, Different than the PDCAAS, the DIAAS uses ill vs total digestibility, MULTIPLE reference pattern, and is NOT truncated. T/F Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the beta bonds in fiber thereby increasing the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence. False, Beano contains an enzyme that cleaves the ALPHA 1-6 BONDS in OLIGOSACCHARIDES thereby DECREASING the fermentation by the microbiota in the colon decreasing gas production that can lead to flatulence. T/F People with PKU need to avoid foods containing acefulfame-K because they have a mutation in tyrosine hydroxylase. False, People with PKU need to avoid foods containing ASPARTAME because they have a mutation in PHENYLALANINE HYDROXYLASE T/F Since fructose in sucrose is bonded to glucose, it will result in less free fructose available for uptake than the free fructose found in high fructose corn syrup. False, Since fructose in sucrose is bonded to glucose, it will result in ROUGHLY THE SAME AMOUNT OF fructose available for uptake COMPARED TO the free fructose found in high fructose corn syrup. T/F Fermenable, viscous fiber is he best option to increase in someone wanting to increase their stool bulk to decrease their fecal transit time False, NONFermenable, NONviscous fiber is he best option to increase in someone wanting to increase their stool bulk to decrease their fecal transit time T/F Eicosaniods produced from fatty acids elongated from the omega-6 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid are more inflammatory than those produced from fatty acids elongated from the essential omega-3 fatty acid Linoleic acid False, Eicosaniods produced from fatty acids elongated from the omega-3 essential fatty acid alpha-linolenic acid are LESS inflammatory than those produced from fatty acids elongated from the essential omega-6 fatty acid Linoleic acid T/F Saccharine is similar in structure to sucrose, the only difference being chlorines that replace alcohols groups False, SUCRALOSE is similar in structure to sucrose, the only difference being chlorines that replace alcohols groups T/F Sugar alcohols (polyols) are a good option for chewing gum because they are not readily fermented by bacteria in the mouth decreasing acid production and thus cavity formation. True T/F complementary proteins are two incomplete proteins that have different lacking amino acids, thus combining them together hey compensate for the lacking amino acid in the other food. False, complementary proteins are two incomplete proteins that have different LIMITING amino acids, thus combining them together hey compensate for the LIMITING amino acid in the other food. T/F Bile, which is produced by the pancreas and concentrated in the liver, helps neutralize acidic chyme as it enters the duodenum False, Bile, which is produced by the LIVER and concentrated in the GALLBLADDER, HELPS EMULSIFY LIPIDS Name the only macronutrient that is digested to any great extent in the mouth and the enzyme responsible for this action Carbohydrates, Salivary amylase Name the components of pancreatic juice. What is the function of these compnents? Bicarbonate and digestive enzymes. Bicarbonate helps to neutralize the acidic chyme that enters the duodenum. Most of the digestive enzymes active in the small intestine are provided by pancreatic juice. Thus, without it digestion of macronutrients would not occur. What alternative sweetener is a concern for individuals with PKU? Why is it a concern for those with PKU? Aspartame. It is a concern because it is broken down into phenylalanine, which is an amino acid hat individuals with PKU need to limi because they can't metabolize I and it can lead to adverse effects if consumed at too high levels Gastric Juice improperly moving back up into the esophagus results in what condition? What is not properly functioning to allow this to occur? Heartburn and gastroesophageal reflux disease is a result of a leaky lower esophageal sphincter What are the bond differences between glycogen, oligosaccharides, and cellulose? Glycogens chains are alpha 1-4 bonds with alpha 1-6 bond branch point Oligosaccharides confina alpha 1-6 bonds Cellulose contains beta bonds Name two alternative sweeteners that are derived from natural sources (not artitifical or synthesized) Luo Han Gul Extract Partial hydrogenation of unsaturated fatty acids results in the formation of what type of fatty acids? what the pros and cons of these fatty acids? Trans fatty acids The pros are that trans fatty acids increase the melting point of the oil, making it solid and room temperature and thus easier to handle the cons are the consumption of trans fat increases LDL and decreases HDL Briefly describe the digestion processes in the stomach and which macronutrient is not digested to any great extent? Gastrin stimulates the release of pepsinogen, gastric lipase and HCI. HCI activates pepsinogen to pepsin, which digests protein. Gastric lipase cleaves triglycerides. Mucus is secreted to protect the stomach itself from the acidic environment and the digestive enzymes. Carbohydrates are not digested to nay great extent in the stomach. T/F Following digestion of starch, glucose and fructose would be the products left for uptake into the enterocyte False, Following digestion of starch, GLUCOSE would be the products left for uptake into the enterocyte T/F following the consumption of the Ornish diet, lipoprotein lipase would be active to cleave fatty acids from lipoproteins like VLDL True T/F LDL is larger, less dense and more cholesterol-rich than VLDL from having accumulated more cholesterol during its formation False, LDL is SMALLER, MORE dense and more cholesterol-rich than VLDL from having TRIGLYCERIDES CLEAVED during its formation T/F Foam cells, red blood cells that take up a lot of VLDL/oxidized VLDL, when they die form a fatty streak in arteries that contribute to atherosclerosis False, Foam cells, WHITE blood cells that take up a lot of LDL/oxidized LDL, when they die form a fatty streak in arteries that contribute to atherosclerosis T/F following consumption of a meal containing long chain fatty acids, VLDL will be released from the small intestine into capillaries and travel through the portal vein to the liver False, following consumption of a meal containing long chain fatty acids, CHYLOMICRONS will be released from the small intestine into LACTEAL and travel through the LYMPH BEFORE REACHING the liver AS CHYLOMICRON REMNANTS T/F Leucine is metabolized to acetoacetyl-CoA, it is thus is classified as glycogenic and ketogenic amino acid. False, Leucine is metabolized to acetoacetyl-CoA, it is thus is classified as KETOGENIC amino acid. T/F Insulin resistance is common in type 1 diabetes, because insulin binds to the insulin receptors but GLUT 2 does not move to the cells surface to allow glucose uptake. False, Insulin resistance is common in type 2 diabetes, because insulin binds to the insulin receptors but GLUT 4 does not move to the cells surface to allow glucose uptake. T/F Consuming a low fiber diet increases your risk of developing gallstones and diverticulosis/diverticulitis False, Consuming a low fiber diet increases your risk of developing HEMORRHOIDS and diverticulosis/diverticulitis T/F Individuals with Chron's disease need to avoid consuming gluten, which is found in rice products. False, Individuals with CELIAC disease need to avoid consuming gluten, which is found in WHEAT products. T/F if a persons cardiovascular disease risk warrants it based on and online calculator, he/she may be recommended to take a statin, which increases HMG CoA reductase activity, thus decreasing cholesterol absorption. False, if a persons cardiovascular disease risk warrants it based on and online calculator, he/she may be recommended to take a statin, which INHIBITS HMG CoA reductase activity, thus decreasing cholesterol SYNTHESIS. T/F beta-oxidation synthesizes fatty acids from acetyl-CoA False, beta-oxidation BREAKS DOWN fatty acids from acetyl-CoA T/F Consuming more good cholesterol (HDL) is a good way to decrease your risk of developing cardiovascular disease, because it combats the development of atherosclerosis. False, Consuming more good cholesterol (HDL) is NOT good way to decrease your risk of developing cardiovascular disease, because IT IS A TRANSPORTER AND NOT SOMETHING THAT IS CONSUMED. HDL DOES NOT COMBAT THE DEVELOPMENT OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS T/F Glycogenolysis is he anabolic synthesis of glycogen from glucose, gluconeogenesis is the catabolic synthesis of glucose to pyruvate False, GlycoGENESIS is he anabolic synthesis of glycogen from glucose, GLYCOLYSIS is the catabolic BREAKDOWN of glucose to pyruvate T/F Deamination is the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid forming another amino acid. This process is why some amino acids are conditionally essential. False, TRANSamination is the transfer of an amine group from an amino acid to a keto acid forming another amino acid. This process is why some amino acids are conditionally NONessential. Name the tissue, organ, or cells that you learned about that does not perform the citric acid cycle Red blood cells If a person has been consuming a diet that lacks carbohydrates for a week, what would the primary energy source be that the muscle would use to generate ATP Fatty acids Name the tissue, organ, or cells that you learned about that perform glycogenolysis Muscle and liver What is carbines function related to macronutrient metabolism? It helps to transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria Why are not all compounds that are taken up into enterocytes eventually absorbed? Enterocytes are sloughed off, meaning that what compounds are within them are not absorbed A) during a fast, what would the adipose be secreting? B) What hormone is stimulating this action? A) Fatty acids B) Glucagon T/F Selenium deficiency leads to increased antioxidant selenoenzymes, the resulting decreased oxidative stress prevents the coxsackie virus from mutating and become more virulent and causing the heart pathology typically seen in Keshan disease. False, Selenium deficiency leads to DECREASED antioxidant selenoenzymes, the resulting INCREASED oxidative stress CAUSING the coxsackie virus from mutating and become more virulent and causing the heart pathology typically seen in Keshan disease. T/F Consuming high amounts of white rice can lead to pitting edema, a symptom of wet beriberi from deficient riboflavin intake. False, Consuming high amounts of white rice can lead to pitting edema, a symptom of wet beriberi from deficient THIAMIN intake. T/F Nicotinamide supplementation decreases cardiovascular disease risk. Binding of nicotinamide to its receptor mediates niacin flush and improvements in a person's blood lipid profile. False, NICOTINIC ACID supplementation DOES NOT decreases cardiovascular disease risk. Binding of NICOTINIC ACID to its receptor mediates niacin flush BUT NOT improvements in a person's blood lipid profile. T/F Pantothenic acid is used to form coenzyme A (CoA). TRUE T/F Pyridoxine deficiency can result in megaloblastic, macrocytic anemia because it is needed for cells to divide normally. False, Pyridoxine deficiency can result in MICROCYTIC, HYPOCHROMIC anemia because it is NOT AVAILABLE FOR HEME SYNTHESIS T/F In agouti mice, the agouti histones are deacetylated, which leads to the agouti gene being expressed, resulting in a yellow, obese mouse at higher risk of chronic disease. false, In agouti mice, the agouti GENES ARE UNMETHYLATED, which leads to the agouti gene being expressed, resulting in a yellow, obese mouse at higher risk of chronic disease. T/F Consuming large amounts of raw eggs whites could be problematic for nicotinic acid, because the nicotinic acid receptor found in it binds to it and prevent its absorption. False, Consuming large amounts of raw eggs whites could be problematic for BIOTIN, because the AVIDIN receptor found in it binds to it and prevent its absorption. T/F ORAC is an in vitro antioxidant assay, which takes into account bioavailability of the compound/substance. false, ORAC is an in vitro antioxidant assay, which ONE OF ITS LIMITATIONS IS THAT IT DOES NOT TAKE into account bioavailability of the compound/substance. T/F In the theorized antioxidant network, ascorbic acid is oxidized to semidehydroascorbate in donating an electron to free radical/reactive oxygen species and then reduced by alpha-tocopherol. false, In the theorized antioxidant network, ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL is oxidized to ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL RADICAL in donating an electron to free radical/reactive oxygen species and then reduced by ASCORBIC ACID. T/F Ascorbate recycling uses active transport against the concentration gradient through GLUT receptors to accumulate large amounts of ascorbate. false, Ascorbate recycling uses FACILITATED DIFFUSION WITH the concentration gradient through GLUT TRANSPORTERS to accumulate large amounts of ascorbate. T/F The difference in structure between alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol is the methyl groups on their rings. false, The difference in structure between alpha-tocopherol and alpha-tocotrienol is THAT ALPHA-TOCOPHEROL HAS A SATURATED TAIL AND ALPHA-TOCOTRIENOL HAS AN UNSATURATED TAIL. T/F Goiter is an iodine deficiency disorder that can result in growth, sexual maturation, and cognitive impairments. false, CRETINISM is an iodine deficiency disorder that can result in growth, sexual maturation, and cognitive impairments. T/F Selenoenzymes are a subset of selenoproteins that contain selenomethionine as an amino acid in them. false, Selenoenzymes are a subset of selenoproteins that contain SELENOCYSTEINE as an amino acid in them. What is the structural difference between alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol? There is a difference in the number of methyl groups on the rings in their structures. Name the primary dietary source of iodine that has greatly decreased the incidence of iodine deficiency? Iodized salt