FNDH 400 Final Exam 2023 with complete solution

what's the importance of thionein to zinc? it's the storage protein -is a better simulator of thionein levels what's the importance of metallothionein to zinc? it's what thionein is known as once thionein has bound a mineral (or a metal) what's the importance of thionein and metallothionein to copper? copper binds to this to form metallothionein -a more avid binder to this protein metalloenzymes enzymes that use zinc as a cofactor cupric (Cu2+) oxidized form of copper cuprous (Cu1+) reduced form of copper why is copper important to iron absorption/transport? it's dependent on two copper-containing proteins, ceruloplasmin and hephaestin to oxidize Fe2+ to Fe3+ -Fe3+ is the form that binds to transferrin what form of copper is used in supplements that is essentially not absorbed at all? cupric oxide why can copper deficiency result in hypochromic anemia? it can result in a secondary iron deficiency, since Fe2+ cannot be oxidized to Fe3+ to bind to transferrin what are Kayser-Fleischer rings? golden to greenish-brown rings around the edges of the cornea -result of copper toxicity what do Kayser-Fleischer rings result from? wilson's disease -a genetic disorder where a mutation in ATP7B prevents copper excretion, resulting in copper toxicity how can high zinc consumption lead to deficiencies in copper and iron? -no ceruloplasmin is produced and released into circulation -decreasing ceruloplasmin in circulation and hephaestin on the membrane of the enterocyte which normally convert Fe2+ to Fe3+ so that iron can bind to transferrin -without them Fe3+ is not formed from Fe2+ -Fe2+ is "trapped" in the enterocyte because it can't bind to transferrin -enterocytes containing the "trapped" iron move up the crypt and are also sloughed off and excreted in feces -iron consumed essentially is lost from the body through this process what are electrolytes? compounds that separate into ions (molecules with a charge) in water what are cations? ions that have a positive charge -a class of electrolytes what are anions? ions that have a negative charge -a class of electrolytes how can increased plasma sodium concentrations lead to increased blood pressure in salt-sensitive individuals? -salt-sensitive means blood pressure increases with increased salt intake and decreases with decreased salt intake -increased plasma sodium concentrations increases plasma volume and blood pressure prevalence of salt-sensitivity -25% of normotensive (normal blood pressure) individuals -50% of hypertensive individuals are salt-sensitive salt's relation to hypertension (high blood pressure), which increases their risk of developing cardiovascular disease -salt and/or sodium intake is believed to be a major causative factor the impact on recommendations to reduce salt/sodium intake of all foods -reducing salt intake might not impact the blood pressure of most people because they are not salt-sensitive -reducing sodium in the food supply would not hurt the vast majority of people -it would likely help salt-sensitive people control their blood pressure DASH diet dietary approaches to stop hypertension what does the DASH diet emphasize? -fruits, vegetables, fat-free/low-fat milk and milk products, whole grain products, fish, poultry, nuts -high in potassium, magnesium, calcium, protein, fiber what does the DASH diet limit? red meat, sweets, added sugars, and sugar-containing beverages