Nutrition, An Applied Approach - Chapter 8 2023 with 100% correct questions and answers

antioxidant a compound that has the ability to prevent or repair the damage caused by oxidation nucleus the positively charged, central core of an atom; it is made up of two types of particles - protons and neutrons - bound tightly together; the nucleus of an atom contains essentially all of its atomic mass electron a negatively charged particle orbiting the nucleus of an atom oxidation a chemical reaction in which molecules of a substance are broken down into their component atoms; during oxidation, the atoms involved lose electrons free radical a highly unstable atom with an unpaired electron in its outermost shell cofactor a mineral or other substance that is needed to allow enzymes to function properly tocopherol the active form of vitamin E in our body collagen a protein found in all the connective tissues in our body provitamin an inactive form of a vitamin that the body can convert to an active form; an example is beta-carotene carotenoid a fat-soluble plant pigment that the body stores in the liver and adipose tissues; the body is able to convert certain carotenoids to vitamin A retinol an active, alcohol form of vitamin A that plays an important role in healthy vision and immune function retinal an active, aldehyde form of vitamin A that plays an important role in healthy vision and immune function retinoic acid an active, acid form of vitamin A that plays an important role in cell growth and immune function retina the delicate, light-sensitive membrane lining the inner eyeball and connected to the optic nerve; it contains retinal rhodopsin a light-sensitive pigment found in the rod cells that is formed by retinal and opsin cell differentiation the process by which immature, undifferentiated stem cells develop into highly specialized functional cells of discrete organs and tissues night blindness a vitamin A deficiency disorder that results in loss of the ability to see in dim light Keshan disease a heart disorder caused by selenium deficiency; it was first identified in children in the Keshan province of China cancer a group of diseases characterized by cells that reproduce spontaneously and independently and may invade other tissues and organs tumor any newly formed mass of undifferentiated cells carcinogen any substance capable of causing the cellular mutations that lead to cancer