PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
• Latent period
o The time between the exposure of tissue to injurious agent and the
first appearance of signs and/or symptoms
o Definitions 2: a period during an illness when signs/symptoms
temporarily become mild or silent
o In an infectious disease this is called incubation period
• Etiology
o The study of causes/reasons for phenomena
o Identifies causal factors acting in concern that provoke a particular disease
or injury
o Idiopathic: cause is unknown
o Iatrogenic: cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
▪ Ie: antibiotics cause a yeast infection
• Specificity
o Probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without
a particular condition
▪ Ie: pregnancy test example: if you are not pregnant you want it to be
very specific that you are not and give a negative result
• Sensitivity
o Probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a
particular condition
▪ Ie: pregnancy test example: if you are pregnant you want it to be
very sensitive and give a positive result if you are pregnant
• Validity
o Also called accuracy
o Degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends
to measure
• Reliability
o Also called precision
o Ability to give the same result in repeated measurements – taking stats
multiple times and getting the same value is reliable
• Levels of prevention
o There are 3 levels:
o Primary: altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
,PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
▪ Ie: a vaccination, or diet education class before weight gets out of hand,
adhering to safety precautions like wearing a seatbelt, abstinence
classes in high school, ect.
o Secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease
▪ Ie: yearly physical exams, routine screening, pap smear
o Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, restoring
effective functioning following disease
▪ Ie: medication after someone has a heart attack
• Stages of Stress and assoc. hormones
o Three stages:
o Alarm reaction: fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus
▪ Allostatic state: refers to the activity of various systems attempting
to restore homeostasis
▪ During this stage you have the catecholamines (norepinephrine
and epinephrine) trying to get back to homeostasis
o Stage of resistance: the activity of the nervous and endocrine system
in returning the body to homeostasis
▪ More long term
▪ During this stage you have the adrenocortical steroids (cortisol
and aldosterone) coming from the adrenal cortex trying to
maintain homeostasis
o Stage of exhaustion: point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
▪ Allostatic overload: “cost” of body’s organs and tissue for an excessive
or ineffective regulated allostatic response
• Can cause irreversible organ damage
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
,PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
o Neuroendocrine interactions in
response to a stressor. Receptors are excited by stressful stimuli and relay the
information to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus signals the adrenal cortex
(by way of the anterior pituitary) and the sympathetic pathways (by way of the
autonomic nervous system). The stress response is then mediated by the
catecholamines (ie. Epinephrine and norepinephrine) and by the glucocorticoids
(predominantly cortisol)
• Sudden cardiac death
o Also called sudden cardiac arrest
o Defined as unexpected death from cardia problems within one hour of
symptom onset
o Use of external defibrillators and CPR has helped to increase survival
o Lethal dysrhythmia (such as ventricular fibrillation) is usually the primary cause
• Hypertension
o Definition: abnormally high blood pressure
▪ normal is 120/80
▪ 140/90 is considered hypertension
▪ most common primary diagnosis in the US
▪ Three stages of hypertension
o Prehypertension
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
, PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
▪A range of pressures between normal and stage 1 hypertension in
an effort to initiate intervention early enough to prevent or deter
progression of the disease process
o Primary hypertension
▪ Also called essential
▪ Idiopathic disorder
▪ Most common form of hypertension
▪ Rare for children under 10
▪ Two subtypes:
• Isolated systolic hypertension: systolic BP is greater than 140
• Isolated diastolic hypertension: diastolic BP is greater than 90
• Combined systolic and diastolic hypertension: both systolic
and diastolic exceed the prehypertension level
▪ Risk factors involved:
• Nonmodifiable: (you can’t change them)
o Family history
o Age
o Ethnicity/genetics
• Modifiable: (you can change them)
o Dietary factors
o Sedentary lifestyle -not getting enough physical activity
o Obesity/ weight gain
o Metabolic syndrome – elevated circulating insulin and
lipid levels
o Elevated blood glucose levels / diabetes
o Elevated cholesterol
o Alcohol and smoking
▪ Often called the silent killer because many times organ damage is
already present when the diagnosis is made
▪ Outcomes:
• End organ damage:
o Renal failure, stroke, heart disease
o Damage to arterial system and acceleration
of atherosclerosis lead to cardiovascular
disease
o Increased myocardial work result in heart failure
o Glomerular damage results in kidney failure
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
• Latent period
o The time between the exposure of tissue to injurious agent and the
first appearance of signs and/or symptoms
o Definitions 2: a period during an illness when signs/symptoms
temporarily become mild or silent
o In an infectious disease this is called incubation period
• Etiology
o The study of causes/reasons for phenomena
o Identifies causal factors acting in concern that provoke a particular disease
or injury
o Idiopathic: cause is unknown
o Iatrogenic: cause results from unintended or unwanted medical treatment
▪ Ie: antibiotics cause a yeast infection
• Specificity
o Probability that a test will be negative when applied to a person without
a particular condition
▪ Ie: pregnancy test example: if you are not pregnant you want it to be
very specific that you are not and give a negative result
• Sensitivity
o Probability that a test will be positive when applied to a person with a
particular condition
▪ Ie: pregnancy test example: if you are pregnant you want it to be
very sensitive and give a positive result if you are pregnant
• Validity
o Also called accuracy
o Degree to which a measurement reflects the true value of what it intends
to measure
• Reliability
o Also called precision
o Ability to give the same result in repeated measurements – taking stats
multiple times and getting the same value is reliable
• Levels of prevention
o There are 3 levels:
o Primary: altering susceptibility; reducing exposure for susceptible persons
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
,PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
▪ Ie: a vaccination, or diet education class before weight gets out of hand,
adhering to safety precautions like wearing a seatbelt, abstinence
classes in high school, ect.
o Secondary: early detection, screening, and management of disease
▪ Ie: yearly physical exams, routine screening, pap smear
o Tertiary: rehabilitation, supportive care, reducing disability, restoring
effective functioning following disease
▪ Ie: medication after someone has a heart attack
• Stages of Stress and assoc. hormones
o Three stages:
o Alarm reaction: fight-or-flight response due to stressful stimulus
▪ Allostatic state: refers to the activity of various systems attempting
to restore homeostasis
▪ During this stage you have the catecholamines (norepinephrine
and epinephrine) trying to get back to homeostasis
o Stage of resistance: the activity of the nervous and endocrine system
in returning the body to homeostasis
▪ More long term
▪ During this stage you have the adrenocortical steroids (cortisol
and aldosterone) coming from the adrenal cortex trying to
maintain homeostasis
o Stage of exhaustion: point where body can no longer return to homeostasis
▪ Allostatic overload: “cost” of body’s organs and tissue for an excessive
or ineffective regulated allostatic response
• Can cause irreversible organ damage
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
,PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
o Neuroendocrine interactions in
response to a stressor. Receptors are excited by stressful stimuli and relay the
information to the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus signals the adrenal cortex
(by way of the anterior pituitary) and the sympathetic pathways (by way of the
autonomic nervous system). The stress response is then mediated by the
catecholamines (ie. Epinephrine and norepinephrine) and by the glucocorticoids
(predominantly cortisol)
• Sudden cardiac death
o Also called sudden cardiac arrest
o Defined as unexpected death from cardia problems within one hour of
symptom onset
o Use of external defibrillators and CPR has helped to increase survival
o Lethal dysrhythmia (such as ventricular fibrillation) is usually the primary cause
• Hypertension
o Definition: abnormally high blood pressure
▪ normal is 120/80
▪ 140/90 is considered hypertension
▪ most common primary diagnosis in the US
▪ Three stages of hypertension
o Prehypertension
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
, PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
▪A range of pressures between normal and stage 1 hypertension in
an effort to initiate intervention early enough to prevent or deter
progression of the disease process
o Primary hypertension
▪ Also called essential
▪ Idiopathic disorder
▪ Most common form of hypertension
▪ Rare for children under 10
▪ Two subtypes:
• Isolated systolic hypertension: systolic BP is greater than 140
• Isolated diastolic hypertension: diastolic BP is greater than 90
• Combined systolic and diastolic hypertension: both systolic
and diastolic exceed the prehypertension level
▪ Risk factors involved:
• Nonmodifiable: (you can’t change them)
o Family history
o Age
o Ethnicity/genetics
• Modifiable: (you can change them)
o Dietary factors
o Sedentary lifestyle -not getting enough physical activity
o Obesity/ weight gain
o Metabolic syndrome – elevated circulating insulin and
lipid levels
o Elevated blood glucose levels / diabetes
o Elevated cholesterol
o Alcohol and smoking
▪ Often called the silent killer because many times organ damage is
already present when the diagnosis is made
▪ Outcomes:
• End organ damage:
o Renal failure, stroke, heart disease
o Damage to arterial system and acceleration
of atherosclerosis lead to cardiovascular
disease
o Increased myocardial work result in heart failure
o Glomerular damage results in kidney failure
PATHO 370 Study Guide for Midterm 2022 UPDATE
