Semester 2 Final Exam with complete solution

Psychoanalysis/Freudian An insight therapy based on the theory of Freud, emphasizing the revealing of unconscious conflicts; Freud's term for both the theory of personality and the therapy based on it. Social Psychoanalysis/Neo-Freudian Social and cultural conditions, especially childhood experiences, are largely responsible for shaping personality. Behavioral Approach The science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only. Cognitive Approach Modern perspective in psychology that focuses on memory, intelligence, perception, problem solving and learning. Humanistic Approach Emphasizes empathy and stresses the good in human behavior. Allows a psychologist to focus on ways to help improve an individual's self-image or self-actualization. Neuroscience Approach Study of the physical changes in the brain and nervous system during thinking. Social-Cultural Approach Perspective that focuses on the relationships between social behavior and culture. Scientific Method System of gathering data so that bias and error in measurement are reduced. (hypothesis) Lab Experiment Conducted in a well-controlled environment Field Experiment Everyday natural environment, but situations are artificially set-up. Case Study In depth investigations of a single person, group, event, or community. Correlation Measure of the extent to which two variables are related (does not mean causation). Interviews Casual conversation collecting qualitative data. Questionnaire Written interview carried out face-to-face, by the telephone, or by post. Observations Observe people in their natural environment. Myelin Sheath Fatty substances produced by certain glial cells that coat the axons of neurons to insulate, protect, and speed up the neural impulse. Endorphins Can produce a euphoric feeling and can reduce perception of pain. Dopamine Controls movement, emotional response, and ability to experience pleasure and pain. Sympathetic Nervous System Parts of the ANS that is responsible for reacting to stressful events and bodily arousal. Parasympathetic Nervous System Part of the ANS that restores the body to normal functioning after arousal and is responsible for functioning organs and glands. Spinal Cord A part of the CNS that controls all involuntary movements and serves as a route for neural messages. Endocrine System Series of glands throughout the body that secrete hormones into the bloodstream. Hippocampus Part of the limbic system that helps form new memories of events. Hypothalamus Secretes substances that regulate behaviors related to survival such as body temperature, hunger, and thirst. Frontal Lobe Speaking, motor cortex Parietal Lobe Sensation and perception, somatosensory cortex Occipital Lobe Sight, visual cortex Temporal Lobe Hearing, auditory cortex Corpus Callosum Band of fibers that connect the two hemispheres of the brain and serves as a communication link. Right Hemisphere This half of the brain specializes in perception of physical environment, art, nonverbal communication, music & spiritual aspects. It receives information from and controls the opposite side of the body. Left Hemisphere This half of the brain generally specializes in analysis, calculation, problem solving, verbal communication, interpretation, language, reading & writing. It receives info and controls opposite of the body. Teratogen Anything that can disrupt the development of an embryo or fetus in a pregnant mother's womb such as drugs or alcohol. Rooting Reflex When something touches a baby's cheek, babies will open their mouth seeking food. Critical Period Only time where a certain kind of growth can occur: Birth-attachment (Harry Harlow and Mary Ainsworth), imprinting, develop language before age 12. Authoritarian Parents Imposes rules, expect obedience, rigid and inflexible, don't trust children to make decisions. Crystallized Intelligence The ability to use learned knowledge and experience, increases with age. Who is Piaget and what did he develop? Swiss psychologist, known for cognitive development: sensorimotor stage, per-operational stage, concrete operational stage, formal operational stage. Absolute Threshold Minimum stimulation necessary for our senses to detect a particular stimulus, measured by recording the stimulation needed for detection 50% of the time. Cochlea Spiral shaped, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear through which sound waves travel and trigger nerve impulses. Opponent-Process Theory Theory of color vision that proposes visual neurons (or groups of neurons) are stimulated by light of one color and inhibited by light of another color. Gate-Control Theory Pain is a function of the balance between the information travelling into the spinal cord through large and small nerve fibers. Large nerve fibers are activated with non-painful stimulation. Gestalt The whole is more than the sum of its parts: proximity and similarity, closure, continuity, connectedness, figure/ground. Visual Cliff Used to see if an infant has developed depth perception. Constancies The tendency of animals and humans to see familiar objects as having standard shape, size, color, or location regardless of changes in the angle of perspective, distance, or lighting. Circadian Rhythm Biological clock, regulates temperature and when we wake/sleep. Suprachasmatic nucleus: responds to light. Sleep Spindle Rapid brain wave activity. REM Where most dreaming takes place, lengthens as the night progresses, heart rate increases, breathing is irregular, eye movement. Latent Content Unconscious meaning of the dream (Freud). Drug Withdrawal Stop taking drugs and have side effects such as pain, sickness, and craving. Drug Dependency Happens from experiencing withdrawal and develop a physical and psychological need for the drug to function. Latent Learning Takes place without reinforcement and without knowing it. Also displayed at a later date. Operant Conditioning Subject associates with consequences. Classical Conditioning Conditioned Stimulus is paired with an unconditioned stimulus. Generalization The tendency to respond in the same way to different but similar stimuli. Extinction in Operant Conditioning When operant behavior that has been previously reinforced no longer produces reinforcing consequences the behavior gradually stops occurring. Extinction in Classical Conditioning When the conditioned stimulus and unconditioned stimulus are not paired. Conditioned Aversion Associate the taste of a certain food with symptoms caused by a toxic, spoiled, or poisonous substance. Schedules of Reinforcement The precise rules that are used to present reinforcers following a specified operant behavior. Information-Processing Process of encoding, storing, and retrieving material. Serial Position Effect Tendency to recall the first and last items in a series best, and the middle items worst. Mnemonics Unusual associations and rhymes to help remember information. Proactive Interference Something you learned earlier interferes with something learned later. Retroactive Interference New information makes it harder to recall old. Heuristics Mental shortcut that allows people to solve problems and make judgments quickly and efficiently. Shorten decision making time and allow people to function without constantly stopping to think about their next course of action. Functional Fixedness Cognitive bias that limits a person to use an object only in the way it is traditionally used. Stanford-Binet IQ Designed to measure overall intelligence, cognitive ability, and detect any cognitive impairment or learning disabilities. Measures memory, reasoning, knowledge, and processing.